Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4/2015
apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia
AP. KUTATELADZE TBILISI STATE ACADEMY OF ART
redaqtori
marine bulia
Editor
Marina Bulia
saredaqcio sabWo:
dimitri TumaniSvili, gia buRaZe,
vaxtang liCeli, nino RaRaniZe, nino WoRoSvili,
nana kupraSvili, ana kldiaSvili, irina elizbaraSvili,
mzia janjalia, maia mania, liana anTelava
Editional Board:
Dimitri Tumanishvili, Gia Bugadze, Vakhtang Licheli, Nino Gaganidze,
Nino Tchogoshvili, Nana Kuprashvili, Anna Kldiashvili,
Irina Elizbarashvili, Mzia Janjalia, Maia Mania, Liana Antelava
dizaini
Tamaz varvariZe
Design by
Tamaz Varvaridze
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa
irma liparteliani
Computer services provided by
Irma Liparteliani
www.art.edu.ge
© Tssa, 2015
© TSAA, 2015 ISSN 1512-0899
sarCevi
CONTENTS
5 dimitri TumaniSvili
mxatvruli forma
15 Dimitri Tumanishvili
Artistic Form
16 mariam didebuliZe
wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores xati nakifaridan
30 Mariam Didebulidze
St. George and St. Theodore Icon from Nakiphari
34 Tamar xundaZe
`naTlisReba~ Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefebze
39 Tamar Khundadze
Medieval Georgian Reliefs of the Baptism
43 Tamar dadiani
wminda giorgis saxe raWis qvis qandakebaSi
(mravalZalisa da znakvis eklesiaTa reliefebi)
46 Tamar Dadiani
Saint George Image in Rachian Stone Sculpture
(Reliefs of Mravaldzali and Znakva Churches)
50 qeTevan abaSiZe
hujabis taZris gegma da Sida sivrce da maTi
mimarTeba XII-XIII da XIII-XIV saukuneebis taZrebTan
62 Ketevan Abashidze
Hujabi Church Plan and Internal Space –
References to the 12th-14th Century Temples
68 marine yenia
ansamblis agebis Taviseburebani
XIII saukunis svaneTis moxatulobebSi
80 M. Kenia
Peculiarities of the General Arrangement of the Mural Decoration
in the 13th c. Svaneti Murals
87 daviT xoStaria
david grimi da qarTuli stili saeklesio arqiteqturaSi
93 David Khoshtaria
David Grimm and the Georgian Revival Style in Church Architecture
98 naTia nacvliSvili
Tbilisis konfesiuri sivrcis formireba:
germanuli Temi da luTeranuli eklesiebi
105 Natia Natsvlishvili
Forming Confessional Space: German Community
and Lutheran Churches in Tbilisi
108 ana kldiaSvili
istoriis recefcia me-20 saukunis qarTul mxatvrobaSi
115 Ana Kldiashvili
The Reception of History of the 20th Century Georgian Painting
120 qristine darCia
peizaJis Janris Casaxva da ganviTarebis pirveli etapi
qarTul dazgur mxatvrobaSi (1880-1930-iani ww.)
126 Kristine Darchia
Origin of Landscape Genre and the 1st Stage
of its Development in Georgian Easel Painting
136 samson leJava
erTi Tbilisuri aivnis Sesaxeb
138 Samson Lejava
About One Tbilisi Balcony
142 Tamar SavguliZe
socialisturi realizmis principebi
(qarTuli qandakebis magaliTze)
146 Tamar Shavgulidze
Concerning Some Principles of Socialistic Realism
in Georgian Sculpture
152 naTia ebanoiZe
konceptualuri xelovneba
1980-90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi
156 Natia Ebanoidze
Conceptual Art in 1980s-90s’ Georgia
160 ana mgalobliSvili
religia da materialuri kultura
161 Anna Mgaloblishvili
Religion and Material Culture
162 nana inwkirveli
aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxlmuzeumi winandalSi.
Senobis reabilitaciis ozeroviseuli gadawyveta
164 Nana Intskirveli
Aleksandre Chavchavadze House-Museum in Tsinandali.
Ozerov Solution to Building Rehabilitation
176 nino sanadiraZe
kultura, kulturis resursebi da
kulturis prioritetebi
180 Nino Sanadiradze
Culture as Economic Resource
181 ana nemsaZe
mediakultura — kvlevis obieqti
185 Ana Nemsadze
Media Culture — Object of Reasearch
186 dodo WumburiZe
kulturis sferos produqtebi, rogorc komunikaciis
saSualebebi saSemsruleblo xelovnebisa da masobrivi
RonisZiebebis menejmentis Taviseburebebi
188 Dodo Chumburidze
Products in Cultural Sphere, as the Communications Tools,
Management Features of Executive Art and Mass Events
189 pavel pavlinovi
evgeni lanseres 1929 wlis eqspedicia svaneTSi
197 Pavel Pavlinov
The 1929 Eugene Lancere Expedition to Svaneti
200 leo stainbergi
Tanamedrove xelovneba da misi `publikis~ gasaWiri
210 Leo Steinberg
Contemporary Art and the Plight of its Public
dimitri TumaniSvili
5
nad mas sul sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba hqondes.
nivTieri masalis meoxebiT CvenTvis mowvdil
upirvelesad yovlisa, formisa da for-
SegrZnobad xatebebs vuwodebT „mxatvrul
mebis istoriuli gamokvleva unda ganvasxva-
formas“ da is _ xelovnebis CvenTvis misawv-
voT. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod am samec-
domi erTaderTi sinamdvilea.
niero amocanebis sxvaoba arqiteqturis
miuxedavad amisa, mxatvruli formis ana-
magaliTze Cans. aviRoT Tundac romelime
lizi, romlis meTodebisa Tu xerxebis, ase,
Suasaukunovani taZari. Cven SegviZlia vila-
1850-1920-iani wlebis SualedSi damuSavebam
parakoT mis agebulebaze, elementebis ur-
saxviTi1 xelovnebis kvleva mecnierebis da-
TierTmimarTebaze, maTi TanafardobiT mi-
moukidebel, warmatebul mimarTulebad aq-
Rebul gamomsaxvelobaze da a.S. mocemuli
cia, dRes mravalTaTvis lamisaa saZraxisi
nagebobis Taviseburebebis gamosaCenad SeiZ-
Tu samarcxvino ram gaxda. aq ar aris imis
leba misi droiT winamorbedi da momdevno
adgili, am Semobrunebis mizezebi Tu sababebi
Senobebic movixmoT da aseTnairad xuroT-
ganvixiloT, Tumca maTgan erT-erTi ki unda moZRvarTa imdroindel ZiebaTa gezic gamo-
vaxsenoT: gaRizianeba imis gamo, rom for- varkvioT, anu: am taZris rogorc garkveuli
ma_analitikuri midgomiT bevrs verafers formis sxva msgavsTa Soris istoriuli ad-
gaarkvevT iseTi movlenebisas, rogoricaa, gili davinaxoT. magram aseve SegviZlia das-
akvirveblad zemonaxseneb elementTagan ro-
1
„saxva“ _ nivTierebisTvis raime, sasurveli moyvan-
iloba-formis micemas niSnavs. amitomac „saxviTi xe- melime erTi amovarCioT _ mag., TaRebis mo-
lovnebani“ xuroTmoZRvrebasac moicavs (Sdr. germa-
nuli bildende Künste) ramdenadme sxvaa, Tu mxatvruli 2
ver vityviT, am rigis namuSevrebi saerTod ganZar-
Semoqmedebis dargebs imis mixedviT davajgufebT asa- culi iyos formierobisgan _ nairnairi „obieqtebis“,
xavs Tu gamosaxavs isini Cvens garSemo arsebul sag- „instalaciebis“, „aqciebis“ da a.S. wardgenisas saxviT
nebs da movlenebs, Tu ki, es „gamo-saxviTi“ Tu „asax- xelovnebaTa gamocdileba aSkarad aris gaziarebuli,
viTi“ xelovnebani iqneba (Sdr. germanuli darsotellende Tavad maTac _ Teoriebis sawinaaRmdegod! _ xSirad
oder bildende Künste, rus. Изобразительное искусство). esTetikuroba _ „STambeWdaobas“ daamCneven xolme.
dimitri TumaniSvili
xazuloba, karis moCarCoeba anda sulac du- xeebs gadahyroda. saqme isaa, rom miuxedavad
Rabis Sedgeniloba. sxva Sesabamis nimuSebTan cnobili debulebisa, „xelovneba bunebis mi-
dadarebiT am calkeul formaTa warmomav- baZva aris“-o, xelovneba, maSinac ki, Tu aseT
loba an kidev samomavlo mniSvnelobac war- wambaZvelobas eswrafvis, sinamdvileSi Tavad
moCindeba da isec SeiZleba moxdes, rom isi- bunebis arsTa da arsebulis met-naklebad
ni gansxvavebul „ganviTarebis mwkrivebSic“ zustad gameorebas rodi emsaxureba; sakmaod
moeqcnen (ase, banas kaTedralis gegmarebiTi TvalsaCinoa: nebismieri ram-suraTi, leqsi,
idea qristes aqeT IV s-is italiidan modis, moTxroba, hangi, naSenoba gvimxels,3 rogo-
misive garSemosavlelis korinTuli svetis- ria misi damxatav-gamomTqmel-amgebis gana-
Tavebi gvianklasikuri heladidan, mTavar si- cadSi qveyniereba, ra eZvirfaseba mas da ra
vrceSi naxmari ioniuri kapitelebis amgvari Zags, ras mieltvis, ras ki _ eltvis. kul-
Sesruleba ki ax.w. V-VI ss-dan.). aseTive vi- turologi ityoda, albaT, mxatvruli Se-
Tareba gvaqvs asaxviT xelovnebebSic. Cveu- moqmedeba realobas ase Tu ise dalagebuli
lebrivi ramaa, vTqvaT, ferweraSi Suq-Crdi- Rirebulebebis cxaurSi gatarebuls warmog-
lis anda qandakebaSi zedapiris damuSavebis vidgenso. saamisod xelovani4 xazs usvams asa-
calke ganbWoba, daxatuli sinaTlis mifeni- saxis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ TvaliT dasanaxis)
sa, gindac qvis gaprialebis ama Tu im wesis romelsame mxaresa Tu niSans da, Sesabamis-
winasaxeebisa an Semdgomi „Tavgadasavlebis“ ad, auCinarebs an Cqmalavs danarCenebs. ase
Zieba. yuradRebis Rirsi SeiZleba Seiqnes, gardasaxuli, TviT yofiTze uyofiTesi niv-
ase vTqvaT, „teqnikuri wvrilmanebic“ _ ev- Tebic msoflwesrigis Tavisebur metaforad5
ropuli mxatvrobis meistorieT uwevT, mag., iqceva, amsaxavisTvis faseul Tu saZulvel
Tvali samosis nakecebis gadmocemis goTur mis ragvarobas gamogvixatavs.
xanaSi miRebuli sqemis aRorZinebis xanaSi nanaxis „gametaforulebis“ upirveles
6
iqneb, „SigniTken“ xan ikumSeba, xan farTov- Soris manZili, miT ufro naklebad gvebadeba
deba (asea zogierT niderlandur tiloze) da STabeWdileba maTi moZraobisa _ is an Zalian
vin icis, kidev sad ra dagvxvdeba. am usazRv- Senelebulad SeigrZnoba, anki Seyovnebulad
ro mravalferovnebaSi gzis gasagnebad iqneb Tu SeCerebulad; xolo raki dros Cven moZra-
XX saukunis damdegis veneli mecnieris, alois oba-cvalebadobiT vamCnevT da vzomavT, misi
riglis mignebuli „sivrcis tipebi“ moviSve- msvlelobac mdordeba an wydeba.
lioT. gardaTxrobiT (avtorismieri termino- misaRebi Tu iqneba am kuTxiT mqandakeb-
logia Cven amjerad arafers gvargebs) isini lobaze saubari? a. rigli am kiTxvas dade-
ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: a) sruli sibrtyi- biTad pasuxobda da mec meCveneba, rom je-
Toba (gamosaxulebasa da fons Sua dacileba rovani dazustebiT, aq SeuZlebeli araferia.
ar aris _ Zveli aRmosavleTi); b) nawilobrivi jer erTi, rac reliefis xelovnebas Seexeba,
sivrce (gamosaxulebis ukan, axlosve, mas mo- iq igive mdgomareobaa, rac ferweraSi. Tavis-
cilebuli sibrtyea anda yvela figurasa Tu Tavad, mrgval qandakebas Tu mivadgebiT, aq
figuraTa jgufs „sakuTari“ sivrce akravs Tavi da Tavi misi realur sivrceSi dayeneba
da es „kerZoobiTi“ sivrceebi mTeli kom- da gaSlaa. daiyeneT Tvalwin egvipturi da
poziciis momcvel erTian konstruqciad ar Suamdinaruli, berZnul-antikuri da evro-
ikvreba _ antikuri xelovneba); g) usasrulo pul-barokuli (mag., janlorenco berninis)
sivrce (suraTis yvela calkeuli monakveTi qandakebebi. TiTqos ar unda iyos moulod-
da Tavad igi mTlianobaSi „amonaWeria“ usas- neli imis Tqma, mkacrad winxedSi dasanaxi,
rulo sivrcisa, rac mas oTxive mxriv akravs mkacrad Tavis TavSi Caketili Zvel-aRmosav-
gars _ axali drois evropuli xelovneba). luri gamosaxulebebi naklebad „gamodis“ Tu
morig namuSevarze fiqrisas, gnebavT, mas- „Semodis“-o garemomcvel sivrceSi, vidre
ze werisas, iq gamosaxuli sivrce SegviZlia hellinuri, xolo j. berninis, vTqvaT, „davi-
7
warmosaxvaSi a. riglis aRweril „modelebs“ Ti“ da „wminda tereza“ masSi pirdapiraa „Se-
davadaroT, maT „mivazomoT“ da an romelime moWrili“ ginda „gadmoRvrili“.
maTgans mivaTvaloT anda maTTan met-naklebi gamosaxulebis sivrciTobis xarisxi, ra-
siaxlove-siSoris dadgeniT gamovkveToT misi sakvirvelia, uSualo kavSirSia masze gamosa-
maxasiaTeblebi. aseve „etalonebad“ SesaZloa xulTa samganzomilianobis CvenebasTanac.
„suraTis sivrcis“ istoriulad Camoyalibe- mtkiceba ki ara, Tqmac ar unda, vfiqrob: rac
buli saxeobanic gamogvadges. ufro xSirad ufro Rrmad „swvdeba“ suraTis (zogjer re-
dasadareblad XV saukunis italiaSi mogonil liefisac) warmosaxuli sivrce, miT ufro
„geometriul perspeqtivas“ mimarTaven _ ara srulad vlindeba Cveni yoveldRiurobis
misi gamorCeuli srulyofilebis, „sisworis“ saganTaTvis gardauvali moculobrioba. da
da „bunebriobis“6 gamo (isic yvela sxvasaviT kvlav: rogorc „suraTis sivrce“, realuris-
miaxloebiTicaa da xelovnuric), aramed rad- gan gansxvavebiT, uTvalavi nairsaxeobiT Cn-
ganac igi, albaT, yvela sxvaze metadaa ra- deba, yovelive cocxalisa da aracocxalis
cionalur-erTmniSvnelovani; xolo raki asea, CvenTvis ase Cveulebrivi sisqe-simrgvalec
misgan „gadaxvevebi“ Tu mas „acdena“7 ufro mravalgvarad isaxeba xelovnebaSi. imgvar xe-
ioli SesaniSnicaa da misaTiTebel-asaxsne- lovnebaSic ki, romelic Segnebulad misdevs
lic. „suraTis sivrce“ gansazRvravs didwi- xilul sinamdviles, nivTier sxeulTa niSan-
lad „suraTis drois~ Tvisebriobasac. ram- Tvisebebi sakmaod mravalgvarad gadmoicema _
denad naklebadac SeigrZnoba gamosaxulTa erTia, viTom, jottos, mazaCCos da miqelan-
6
Cven sazogadodac varT midrekili CvenTvis Cveuli jelo buonarottis momrgvalebuloba? axla
fiziko-fiziologiurad calsaxad ganpirobebulsa qveynierebisadmi sxvadasxva damokidebule-
da amitom „normalurs“ (adamianTa Warbi umravleso- bis kvalad Seqmnili xatebani vnaxoT da umal
bisTvis saerTos) gavuTanabrod.
davrwmundebiT, raoden msxvaobaria maTi mi-
7
„gadaxvevac“ da „acdenac“ aq mxolod „sxvanairobas“
gulisxmobs da ara „xarvezianobas“. marTeba bunebis arsTa Sesaxeb Cveni cxovre-
dimitri TumaniSvili
9
mag., el grekos wmindanebiviT dawvrilebu- liRac erT saSualebas gaamTavrebs xolme.
li masais afrikuli tomis meomrebi. amasTan mxatvrobaSi es SeiZleba iyos xazi, feris
erTad, angariSi istoriulad cvalebad mSve- sixasxase, ramdenime feris Tanaxmiereba, fe-
nierebis idealsac da kidev ufro swrafwar- rebisve sibace-simuqis SepirispirebiT miRe-
maval modasac unda gaewios. ase, ukanaskneli
buli Suq-Crdili; mqandakeblobaSi _ nakvTa
50-60 wlis manZilze, imis Tanaxmierad „la-
mkveTri an TandaTani gamoyvana, zedapiris
mazad“ ra miiCneoda, kino da teleekranebsa
sigluve Tu xaoianoba, moculobis amoweva-
Tu fotoJurnalebis gamosaCen adgilebze
CakveTiT warmoqmnili sxvadasxva Zalis Crdi-
erTi-meores cvlidnen putkuna, Tmaafuebu-
lebi, daferva, sxvadasxva masalis urTierT-
li qalebi, Txeli, knaWa gogonebi da zorba,
Sexameba da a.S. xelovnebis qmnilebebTan
TiTqmis rom brge dedakacebi. es, ra Tqma
„urTierTobis“ mciredi gamocdilebac ki
unda, modis gamovlinebaa. misi kaleidosko-
gvarwmunebs, rom amao mcdelobaa yvela Tu
puri siWrelis miRma ki droismieri idealic
bevri saSualebis Tanabari datvirTviT ga-
amoicnoba _ biologiur-vitaluris, Tanacve
moyeneba. rasakvirvelia, xazovani gamosaxu-
raime sakralurobisa da stiqionurobisgan
leba Zalze xSirad feradic aris, koloris-
ganZarculis, SegrZnebiT _ sasiamovnoTi
tulsa Tu tonalisturs ki xazis elementic
mosazRvrulis. sabolood I msoflio omis
daemCneva da a.S. amasTanave, ferTa najero-
Semdgom fexmokidebuli, is 1920-iani wlebis
bisa da elferTa moWarbeba Tu Crdil-naT-
hedonizmSic ganiWvriteba, sportulobis ev-
lis gakontrasteba anda gadaden-gadmodena
ro-amerikul kultSic da misgan TiTqmis ga-
aucileblad daamcrobs xazis TavisTavad
nurCevel, fizikuri ZaliT aRfrTovanebaSic
nacistebis germaniasa Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi 8
esec, rasakvirvelia, gamartivebuli suraTia _
da _ yvelgan sxvaganac. Tumca, meore mxriv, sak
marisia vaxsenoT, mag., XVII-XVIII ss-is sadarbazo
portretebi, sadac „gatipiureba“ Tu idealizacia
bolo msjeloba Cven kvlav Rirebulebebsa individualurze metad xvdeba Tvals.
dimitri TumaniSvili
silamazes; verc formis Suq-CrdiliT „amoy- unda iyos. Tuki es winapiroba daculi ar
vana“ egueba maincdamainc feris sisufTaves aris, suraTi, skulptura, sxvac raime ise-
da siZlieres; aTinaTebiT aWrelebuli brin- ve verafers (sul bevri-Zalian cotas) gve-
jaos Tu gadaprialebuli, CrdilCamdgari tyvis, rogorc abdaubda, areul-gaumarTavi
CanaburRebiT dawertili marmarilos zeda- winadadeba. ase gansajeT, qaosis Tu absurdis
piri anelebs qandakebisa Tu reliefis plas- STabeWdilebis mosaxdenadac ki mogvarebuli
tikur gamonakvTulobas da TviT figurebis mTelia saWiro _ Tu arada, ver gaarkvevT,
monaxazsac ki aklebs mkafioebas. raRa Tqma es amqveynad wes-rigis ararsebobis damadas-
unda, ise ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos muzeu- turebeli xatebaa Tu uxelTuris mier ver-
mebisa Tu sagamofeno darbazebSi gavlisas mowesrigebuli, mTlianobis armqone ram.
iarliyebs CamoarigebT _ „es xazovania“; „es garkveuli TvalsazrisiT „sakuTriv formas“
koloristuli“; „es luminaristuli“... es sityva „kompoziciac“ SeiZleba CavunacvloT
gansazRvrebebi erTgvari gvarovnuli cne- _ formis mxareTa ganxilvisas xom namuSevris
bebia, Torem sakuTriv namuSevrebs Soris SemadgenelTa erTi meoris mimarT ganTavse-
kvlav uricxvi „gardamavali“ an kidev „Se- baze, erTmaneTTan mimarTebaze gviwevs sau-
reuli“ formebi SemogxvdebaT. ai, Tundac: bari. pirvelad, umetesad viwro azriT „kom-
onore domies „tonalistur“, arc Tu iSvia- poziciaze“ iTqmis xolme _ imaze, rogoraa
Tad TiTqmis monoqromul tiloebze jer xom ganlagebuli gamosaxuli arsebebi, sagnebi
gamosaxulTa siluetebia metyveli; amasTan Tu abstrahirebuli konfiguraciebi: simet-
erTad ki saRebavebi xazovani bunebis sxva- riulad, heraldikurad, samkuTxedad, pira-
dasxva xasiaTis monasmebiT daitaneba, erTd- midad, wred, spiralad... es geometriuli fi-
roulad zeTis feradebis „korpusulobasac“ gurebi _ xan erTi romelime, xan ramdenime
Tanamyofi Tu erTmaneTSi SemsWvaluli; xan
10
des da, Sesabamisad, Senelebis STabeWdilebas umetes, Tu erTi qveynisac) naxelavs saziaro,
iZleodes. Tavad gamosaxulebani, iqneb, iyos gamaerTianebeli niSnebic moepoveba rogorc
kidec sadme sul mTlad igiveobrivi, xolo pirobiTobis, aseve „wminda“ formis mxri-
ufro xSirad odnavi sxvaobani aris xolme vac. pirobiTobaTa droisa da adgilismiero-
Setanili, Tanabarzomieri metris odnav „ga- bas maSinve SeniSnavT _ arc Tvalis daZabva
sacocxleblad“, swrafisa da nelis damate- unda da arc gonebis, mag., imis SemCnevas, rom
biT gasamaleblad Tu Sesayovneblad; xanda- Zvel aRmosavleTSi adamianis gamoxatvisas
xan, meti simZafris misaniWeblad, ZiriTadi winxedsa da gverdxeds aerTianebdnen; an _
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego muxtis gasaCenadac. XV-XIX saukuneebis evropaSi xatvis winaRud-
ritmuli naxati SeiZleba gamosaxulebis Sig- gomeli piroba sibrtyeze perspeqtiuli „ko-
niTac vnaxoT (mag., SesamoselTa nakecebisa), lofis“ ageba iyo. magram bolos motanili
Tanac is mis farglebSi SeiZleba darCes, mag- TariRebic mogvagonebs, rom pirobiToba
ram aseve SesaZlebelia sxvebze gameordes an SeiZleba aswleulebs gahyves (egvipte-Suam-
sxvagvars, mag., Tundac sul sadas (an iqneb _ dinareT-mcire aziis SemTxvevaSi _ aTasw-
sadasve fons) Seupirispirdes, es ki sxavadas- leulebsac!), maS, ratomRa ar aris erTnai-
xvanairad „datvirTuli“ monakveTebis dama- ri am xnis ganmavlobaSi naxat-naqandakari?
tebiT ritmul Tu erTmaneTs „Sewonil“ kom- karga xania naTelia; amas mxolod asasaxis
poziciur svlebs gvaZlevs. gamosaxulebis sxvadasxvaobiT ver axsni, Tundac imiT, jer
zedapiris gawonasworeba, Tundac ritmireba, religiuri ambebi rom Warbobs, mere ki sa-
muq-naTlis, ferTa ganawilebiTac aris SesaZ- ero; vera, radgan, vTqvaT XVI saukunisa da
lebeli. „Suqis“ da „Crdilis“, aseve feradi XVII saukunis sÁuJeturad msgavsi niderlan-
laqebis Tu maxvilebis ganawileba TavisTa- duri yofis suraTebi ara mxolod erTmaneTs
vadac kanonzomieri wesrigis warmomqmnelia ara hgavs, gaCveul Tvals imasac gaumxels,
11
(amitom axseneben zogierTni Suq-Crdilis romel aswleuls ekuTvnis is, pirvelsa Tu
da ferTa kompozicias), metwilad ki xazovan meores. ise Cans, rom saqme „wminda“ formis-
sqemas Tanxvedrili an _ daZabulobis Sesa- mieris mier gancdili cvlilebebia, saxel-
mateblad, _ nawilobriv mas acdenili. al- dobr, formis elementTa gansxvavebuli ur-
baT, zedmeticaa kvlav imis Sexseneba, rom es TierTkavSiri. mainc da mainc es ori saukune
faqtorebi uamravnairad exameba da uerTdeba alalbedze rodi vaxsene _ swored am oris
erTi meores da amitomac xelovnebis nebis- dasavleTevropuli saxviTi xelovnebis mox-
mieri nimuSi, maT Soris arcTu gamorCeulic, mobiT moxerxda 1910-ian wlebSi yvelaze kar-
gamocanasaviT amoucnobi da Tavis samtvrevi gad formaTqmnis wesTa nairgvarobis Cveneba.
xdeba. daumateT amas isic, rom „wminda“ for- vgulisxmob, ra Tqma unda, saxelganTqmuli
mismieri asaxviTac aris xolme, ganuyofeli Sveicariel-germaneli swavlulis, hainrix
da aqac uricxv nairsaxeobas waawydebiT, zog vÁolfflinis mier _ misiv sityvaTxmarebiT!
rasmesac sazogadod daujerebelsa da gauge- _ „klasikuri“ da „barokuli“, igive cxovel-
bars. piradad CemTvis aseTi versawvdomi is xatuli stilebis10 warmoCinebas. ise, ajobeb-
gaxlavT, rom XVII saukunis zogierT holan- da, albaT, aq formaTa tipebi gveTqva, raki
diur suraTze gamawonasworeblad (is ki, ro- Tavad am mecnierisve azriT, amgvaradve aRna-
gorc davinaxeT, „sufTa“ formismieri unda gi forma sul sxvadasxva drosa da, rac mTa-
iyos) daxatuli siRrme gvevlineba _ anu „asa- varia, sxva pirobiTobisasac ipoveba. ase, ro-
xviTi“ mxare. rogoraa es SesaZlebeli jerac manuli reliefebi „klasikuria“, XIII saukunis
ver gamomirkvevia, amasTan ki utyuarad asea... somxuri „xaCkarebis“ qvaze kveTiloba ki _
xelovnebis istoria rogorc mecniereba „barokul“-„cxovelxatuli“. h. vÁolffliniT
imas emyareba, rom, erTi mxriv, yoveli mxatv- 10
stilis cnebas vin ra Sinaarss miawers, vin kidev
ruli qmnileba ganumeorebel-erTjeradia, ras. axla ar Sevudgebi am sakiTxze msjelobas, vfiq-
rob, sakmarisia iTqvas rom h. vÁolfflinTan igi
meore mxriv ki, erTsa da imave drois (miT formis agebis uzogades wess aRniSnavs.
dimitri TumaniSvili
(aq mis SexedulebaTa arsebas gadmovcem da (Zveli saberZneTi, goTuri stilis evropu-
ara mis azrTa msvlelobas Tu terminolo- li eklesiebi) mxatvruli zemoqmedebis uar-
gias), „klasikuri“ imgvari formaa, romlis sebiTesi saSualebaa TviTon konstruqcia,
yvela Semadgeneli (maT Soris romelime ga- qandakovani da sxva samkauli ki mas axlavs,
mosaxulis yvela wvrilman-msxvilmani) cxad- an (TeoriaSi mainc!) saerTod gamoiricxeba
liv da mTlianad ganirCeva, naTelia maT (XX s-is „axali arqiteqtura“); zogan (Zveli
Soris urTierTmimarTebac _ kompoziciuri romi, renesansis da misi momdevno xana...) de-
Tu mniSvnelobiTi (mag., romelia wamyvani, kori masTan arafriT dakavSirebul mocu-
romeli ki SedarebiT meorexarisxovani), _ lobebzea zeddebuli. amav rigisaa wamyvani
naTladaa mofarglul-dasrulebuli mTe- masalebi da konstruqciebi (mag., kamarovneba
lic. „barokuli“ ki, misi dakvirvebiT, iseTi an ukamaroba), isic kidev, mSeneblobis rome-
nawarmoebia, sadac metobs elementebis nawi- li mimarTuleba pirvelobs (ZvelTagan yve-
lobriv Cveneba, ar gamoikveTeba maTi sazRv- laze SemoqmedebiTi, gezismimcemi taZarTa,
rebi da TviTkmaroba, sagangebo ZalisxmeviT maTTan erTad ki sasaxleTa xuroTmoZRvre-
Tu „waikiTxav“ kompoziciur wesrigs da mT- baa, elinistur-romaul xanaSi maT gverdiT
lianobaSi nawarmoebi ki „dausrulebel“- sazogadoebrivi nagebobebic Cndeba; qristi-
„moufarglavi“ Cans.11 h. vÁolfflinis naaz- anul Sua saukuneebSi isev taZari da _ al-
revze bevrs kamaTobdnen da axlac kamaToben, baT, mainc naklebad, _ sasaxle modis win; XIV
is ki veravin daadastura, mis mier aRwerili s-dan saqristianos dasavleTSi ukanaskneli
saxeobani formisa ar arsebobdes. isic kia _ da, ase, XVI-XVII ss-dan sazogadoebrivi Seno-
uTuod iqneba da marTlac aris formis age- bebi winaurdeba, romelnic XIX s-Si upirve-
bis mravali sxva wesic, oRond maT naTel- les adgils imkvidrebs, axla ukve binaTmSe-
sayofad, etyoba, mecnierebam jer ver moica- neblobasTan erTad). axla _ rac formismier
12
la da amitom am ors unda davjerdeT. im az- mxares Seexeba. yvela sxva _ sulerTia, sax-
riT ki, ara ginda ar ginda yvelafers an erTi viT, sityvier Tu bgeriT, _ xelovnebis dar-
gansazRvreba movaweboT an kidev meore, ara gze metad, arqiteqturaSi iCens Tavs gamoye-
_ isinic raRacgvar aTvlis wertilad gamog- nebismier-daniSnulebismieri (yvel gan sxva-
vadgeba, romelmac ara marto da arc imdenad ganac arsebuli) moTxovna-moTxovnilebani,
msgavseba unda gvapovninos, aramed sworedac Tan istoriulad cvalebadi; magram marto
_ sxvadasxvaoba da erTaderToba.
isini rodi gansazRvraven ama Tu im nagebo-
aqamde Tu TiTqmis sul saxviTi xelovne-
bis arqiteqturul-mxatvrul gadawyvetas.
bis asaxviT dargebze visaubreT, es ise rodi
jer erTi, yofacxovrebaSic aris esTetiku-
unda CamomarTvaT, TiTqos xuroTmoZRvreba
ri sawyisi (romlis fardobiTi mniSvneloba
gadamaviwyda. sulac ara! kidev metic, maszec
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi pirobiTobis erT-erTi
umravlesad is ganyofa-kategoriebi Wris,
ganzomileba unda iyos) da, Sesabamisad, xse-
zemoT racaa moyvanili. vfiqrob _ aqac SeiZ-
nebul moTxovnebSi isic urevia. amas garda,
leba „pirobiTobani“ vnaxoT. aseTTagania,
arqiteqtura adamianis xelqmnili garemos
mag., warmarTobis arqiteqturaSi taZris gare
Semqmnelicaa da mudamJam raRacgvari zemoq-
ieris, qristianulsa da, garkveulwilad,
medebis mosaxdenad gaTvlilic. xelovnebaT-
islamurSi ki Sida sivrcis mTavroba; isic,
mcodneobiTi analizi xuroTmoZRvrebis ni-
rom zogan, e.w. organul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi
muSs swored am mxridan mieyeneba _ rogorRa
11
swored rom _ „Cans“ _ radganac araTu XVII s-is, warimarTeba igi? daaxloebiT ise, rogorc
impresionistuli, viTomda „SemTxveviT“-„frag men „gamosaxvis xelovnebaSi“ _ mag., Tu gegmis,
tuli“ suraTebi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT
dasrulebulia. sakmarisia mivadevnoT Tvali, rogo- Tu gare kedlebis garCeva zustad iseve keT-
raa „SeWedili“ k. monesa Tu e. manes kompoziciebi. deba, rogorc ferweruli tilosi an grafi-
h. vÁolfflinTan „dasruleba“ mxatvrulobis wina- kuli furclisa, Tu bareliefisa. pirvelad
pirobas ki ara, mosasazRvris TvalnaTliobasa da
gamokveTlobas niSnavs. varkvevT, rogoria Tu erTis, Tu meoris
dimitri TumaniSvili
13
misi ama Tu im nawilisa da elementis zoma- udris (imis msgavsad, Zveli romaelebi pi-
moculoba, fizikurad Tu anazomze maTi Ta- ris gemoze rasac ambobdnen _ „gemovnebaze
nafardobani), isic, rogor awvdis maT xelo- ar daoben“-o) da arc martooden esTetiku-
vani misulT, rogor dainaxavs maT igi. amis ri xarisxis Cvenebas _ xelovnebas xom (mo-
gasarkvevad aucilebelia adgili movinacv- diT amaze nu vidavebT!) sxvac moaqvs, eTi-
loT, interierSi da Sesasvlelidan moyole- kur-religiuric da a.S. karga xania, rac sa-
buli, iq davdgeT, sadac bunebrivad imyofe- xelmZRvanelo mgonia avstriel-germaneli
bodnen adamianebi da aRvnusxoT romlidan mecnieris, hans zelmairis miTiTeba _ xelov-
ras davinaxavT: ra nawils sivrcisas, romel nebis nawarmoebis rangi da misi Rirebuleba
elements mTlianad SevxedavT, romels ki gavmijnoTo _ pirveli, miaxloebiT, mxatvru-
sxva waefareba; romeli monakveTi saidan xv- li srulyofilebis tolfasia, meores ki „Ri-
deba Tvals da a.S. aucileblad unda iqnes rebulebaTa samyarosTan“, Sesabamisad, waru-
CaniSnuli, ranairad ganefineba Suqi, sad ra val-absoluturTan aqvs saerTo, rac CvenT-
maxvilebs „svams“. sxvanairad Tu vityviT, vis, miTumetes, Tavisi bunebiT racionalur-
unda vecadoT mivxvdeT, ra zomamde apiro- gansjismieri mecnierebisTvis, Tu aris kidec
bebs Cven STabeWdilebas sigrZe-sigane-si- misawvdomi, dasabuTebadsa da miwier-cod-
maRleebis „obi eq
turi“ Sefardebani da rad nismiers mainc verafers SegvZens. ase rom, h.
gardasaxavs maT (arqiteqtorisve SemoTava- zedlmairi gvirCevs erTmaneTSi ar avrioT
zebuli) xedvis kuTxeebi da Suqis moZraoba. mxatvruli srulqmnileba da Cveni piradi,
e.i. ki, rogoria aq, am nagebobaSi Camoqnili grZnobismieri „pasuxi“ masze. yvela CvenTa-
sivrcis suraTi anda suraTebi. vrceldeba gans SeuZlia Seamowmos amis SesaZlebloba
xuroTmoZRvrebaze „klasikur“-„barokulis“ _ araferi gviSlis, mag., vaRiaroT, rom ro-
dapirispirebac: „klasikuri“ nagebobis in- melime poema srulyofilebaa (e.i. masSi yve-
terieri iolad moixileba, sivrciTi sura- la Sinaarsobriv-formismieri Semadgenelis
dimitri TumaniSvili
15
rovnul-fsiqologiuric gaxsna sakuTriv
mxatvrulis, formismieris „gverdis avli-
Tac“ aris, albaT, SesaZlebeli, oRond aseve
didi sifrTxile da ostatobaa saWiro, raTa
metismeti ar mivaweroT teqnikas, drois
Cveulebebs, skolur Cvevebs gamowveuli da
a.S.; isini upirobod pirovnulis gamomavle-
nad ar miviRoT, asaxvis nebismieri saSualeba
ki sagangebo-gamomsaxvelobiTad.
amrigad, saxviTi formis analizis dauf
leba xelovnebis mkvlevarTaTvis iseTive
moucilebeli saWiroebaa, rogorc musikosis
Tvis notebis da sxva niSnebis kiTxvis codna.
mxolod am analitikuri xerxebis meoxebiT
Tu SeiZleba sabuTiani, saerTodac gasagebi
gaxdes xelovnebaTmcodnis azris msvlelo-
ba, isini Cveni kvlevis mecnierulobis erTi
saukeTeso dammowmebelTagania.
mariam didebuliZe
17
ornamentirebuli oqrosferi arSiiT. fonze, taZarTa moxatulobebi (XII s)11; kapadokiaSi
wmindanTa saxeebis win Cans TeTri saRebaviT 5
Ch. Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,
Sesrulebuli, amJamad Zalze mkrTali asom- Birningham, 2003, gv. 60.
Tavruli warwerebis fragmentebi (g; wi). Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie, 8, Rom–Freiburg–
wm. meomrebi samxedro samosSi arian ga- Basel–Wien 1976, gv. 444–446 (G. Weigert), gv . 447–451 (G.
Weigert, E. Lucchesi-Palli);
mosaxulni: oqrosferi abjrebi Savi naxatiT; Л.Мавродинова, Св. Теодор – развитие и особенности на
oqrosferi, Savi naxatiTve ornamentirebuli иконографския му тип в средневековната живопис, Известиа
qobiT da samajeebiT Semkuli mokle kabebi (wm. на Института за искуствознание, 13, Sofia, 1969, gv. 33-52.
ori Tevdores garCeva, Tu gamosaxulebas warwera
giorgis _ lurji da wm. Tevdores _ wiTeli); ara aqvs, zogjer Znelia, miTumetes, rom maTi biog
fibuliT cal mxarze Sekruli da mklavebze rafiuli cnobebic xSirad aRreulia. D. Mouriki, The
gadakidebuli grZeli (muxlebs qvemoT), mo- Mosaics of Nea Moni on Chios, Athens, 1085, gv. 142-143; H.
Maguire, The icons of their Bodies. Saints and their images in
sasxamebi _ wm. giorgis _ wiTeli, wm. Tevdores Byzantium, Princeton, 1996, 21-22.
_ lurji; dabal, uornamento CeqmebSi Catane- 6
Л. Хрушкова, Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии
buli viwro, Semotkecili Sarvlebi rombuli, V-X века, Тб., 1980, tab. XXVII.
badisebri, TeTri wvrili naxatiTaa dafaruli. 7
Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М.,
1977; il. 56.
wm. meomrebis garegnoba Seesatyviseba
8
Т. Шевякова, Монументальная живопись раннего средне
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi dadgenil ikonogra-
вековья Грузии, Тб., 1983, il. 28, 42.
fias: wm. giorgi _ axalgazrdaa, xveulTmiani, 9
Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М.,
uwverulvaSo, pirsavse, odnav mZime nikapiT;4 1977; il. 94.
wm. Tevdore stratilati _ Suaxnisa, xveulT- 10
Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М.,
miani, wverulvaSiani da ufro mogrZo saxis 1977; il. 156.
11
Т. Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись художника Микаела
4
Ch. Walter, The Warrior saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition, Маглакели в Мацхвариши, krebulSi: Избранные труды,
Birmingham, 2003, gv. 109-144; Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское Тб., 2007, il. 9; Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Во
чеканоое искусство, Тб., 1959, t. I, gv. 244-264; 430 da sxv. льская, Живописная школа Сванети, Тб., 1983, таб. 60.
mariam didebuliZe
ialnli kilises moxatuloba hasan-dagidan rebi. mag., wm. kozma da damiane; wm. evgeni da
(IXs.) 12; mavrukanis eklesiis freskebi (X s)13; makariosi22; wm. giorgi da Teodore XII s-is
iusuf koC kilise avCilvarSi (XII s)14 da sxv. tyviis sabeWdurze Dumbarton Oaks-is koleq-
aranakleb xSirad gamoisaxeba fronta- ciidan23, aseve Dumbarton Oaks-is koleqciis XI
lurad mdgom wm. meomarTa reprezentaciuli s-is steatitis xati24, wm. giorgi da wm. de-
wyvilebi. aseTi kompoziciis erTi adreuli metre mooqrovil enkolpiumze aTonis mTi-
nimuSia vinicaSi napovni terakotis fila dan25, wm. petre da wm. pavle ermitaJis XII s-is
skoples muzeumidan (daax. VIII s)15. sabeWdurze26.
frontalurad, fexze mdgomi wyviladi qarTul xelovnebaSi amgvari kompozici-
meomrebis gamosaxulebebi aris spilos Zvlis is magaliTia XIII s-is tbeTis saxarebis yda wm.
karedebze (mag., arbavilis karedi, X s16, ermita pertesa da wm. pavles gamosaxulebiT _ 3/4
Jis karedi ormoci wamebuliT, X s17), veneciis Setrialebuli figurebi zemoT centrSi ga-
wm. mTavarangelozis minanqruli xatis CarCo- mosaxuli qristes naxevarfigurisken arian
ze, XI s.18 da sxv. aseve CvenSi, setis karedze, locvad mimarTulni27.
XIII s19, favnisis moxatulobaSi, XII s20, udab-
22
Il Menologio di Basilio II (Cod. vaticano greco 1613), Torino,
nos xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi21 da sxv. 1907, il. 152, 259.
rac Seexeba Cveni xatis kompoziciur sqe- 23
V. Laurent, Le Corpus des sceaux de l’empire byzantin, V1:
mas _ uflisken (an RmrTismSoblisken) locviT L’eglise de Constantinople, Paris, 1963, V, 1, 597–598, no.779.
mimarTuli ori, erTmaneTisken Sebrunebu- 24
I. Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Bezantine icons in Steatite, Wien,
li figura _ TavisTavad is ar aris iSviaTi 1985, pl. 6, fig. 5.
Н.П. Кондаков, Памятники христианского искусства на
25
qristianul xelovnebaSi. gavixsenoT Tundac
Афоне, Санкт Петербург, 1902, 212, fig.84.
vedrebis kompozicia, Tumca iq Jestikulaci- 26
Н.П.Лихачев, Моливдовулы греческого Востока, К XVIII
ac cota sxvagvaria da Sinaarsic sxvaa. Tanac
18
19
nidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT XV s-is jruWis светской миниатюре (Миниатюры батальной тематики
в Джручской псалтыри) Тб., 1964, ст. 33-34, таб. XXXVIII;
xelnaweris miniatura (H-1665, 224v), romelic XVI s-is zugdidis karedis gare frTebze, erTmane-
imeorebs am sqemas, Tumca miniaturaze wm. Tisken Setrialebuli wm. dimitri da wm. Tevdorea
gamosaxuli, magram es sul sxva saxis da Semadgenlo-
merkuri da wm. prokopi arian gamosaxulni,
bis kompoziciaa, vinaidan wm. meomrebi erTianobaSi
iaraRic sakmaod bevria (sur. 5). sagulisxmoa, mxolod karedis daxurvis SemTxvevaSi aRiqmebian,
rom am miniaturaze wminda meomrebi fexiT Tanac isini mxolod odnav arian Setrialebulni
erTmaneTisken, arc mavedrebeli poza aqvT da arc
28
N. Izmailov, Une stéatite Byzantine du Musée de Chersonèse, uflis xelia gamosaxuli, arc qristes naxevarfu-
in: L’art Byzantine chez les Slaves. L’ancienne Russie, Les Slaves gura) (g. alibegaSvili, T.sayvareliZe, qarTuli
catholoque, «Deuxième recueil dédié à la mémoire de Théodore xatebi, Tb., 1994, il. 54; Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское
Uspenski», II, Paris, 1932, p. 32-48. mag., spilos Zvlis чеканоое искусство, Тб., 1959, t. II, il. 530.
firfita imperator romanoz meorisa da evdokias 31
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканое искусство, Тб.,
figurebiT (R.Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford, 2000, il. 74), 1959, t. I, gv. 429-444; t. II, il. 162.
anda sulac baCkovos saZvleSi grigol bakurianisa aseve mxolod erTi figuraa (wm. Tevdore strati-
da misi Zmis figurebi mariamis naxevarfiguris lati) torCelos taZarSi (italia) Senaxul XI s-is
winaSe (Е.Бакалова, Бачковската костница, София, 1977, marmarilos filaze, romelzec wminda meomris poza
илл. 136). qtitorebi alaverdis taZris samxreT da faris forma msgavsia Cveni xatisa, Tumca aq sxva
mklavSi (alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi, 1, iaraRic aris gamosaxuli. Torcello. Alle origin di Vene-
samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi-Telavi- zia tra occidente e oriente, ed. Gianmatteo Caputo e Giovanni
alaverdi, 2006 w-is noemberi, Tb., 2007, gv. 60, sur. 3), Gentili, 2010, Marsilio gv. 83, cat. # 48. erTi figuraa XII
mefe da dedofali gelaTis mTavari taZris CrdiloeT s-is wm. giorgis SeRebil reliefur berZnul xatze
karibWeSi (gelaTi 900, 2007, ill.83) da sxv. kastoriidan (Weitzmann K., Chatzidakis M., Miatev K., Ra-
29
petriwonis monastris grigol bakurianiseul ti- dojčić S., Frühe Ikonen. Sinaai, Griechenland, Bulgarien, Ju-
pikonSi (Tavi XXXIV) naxsenebia wm. giorgisa da wm. goslawien. Wien und München, 1965. il. 49), wveTis for-
Tevdores xati, `saruTiTa da vercxliT moWedili~. mis, wvetiT Zirs dadgmuli faris motivs vxedavT
samwuxarod, am mokle aRweraSi ar Cans xatis iko- svaneTSive Semonaxul XIII s-is sami wm. meomris xatze
nografiuli da kompoziciuri Taviseburebebi, Tum- nakifaridan. Tumca, isini frontalurad dganan da
ca mainc sagulisxmo faqtia. a.SaniZe, qarTvelTa faric samia. G. Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, K. Weitzman.,
monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni. tipikonis M. Chatsidakis, G. Babic, M. Alpatov, The Icon, Milano-Lu-
qarTuli versia, Tb., 1971, gv. 118-119. bliana, 1981-1982, il. 123.
mariam didebuliZe
xati Dumbarton Oaks-is koleqciidan32; XII s-is tris koleqciaSi (XIV s-is miwuruli); aTonis
miwurulis wm. giorgisa da Tevdores tyviis wm. pavles monasterSi (XVII s) da sxva37.
sabeWduri Dumbarton Oaks-is koleqciidan33; XII kedlis mxatvrobaSi es sqema imdenad aq-
s-is steatitis xati berlinis muzeumidan34). tiurad vrceldeba paleologosTa da Semd-
wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores wyviladi gom, postbizantiur xanaSi, rom didxans mis
mavedrebeli gamosaxulebis ferweruli ni- warmomavlobas swored paleologoTa xanas
muSebi _ xatwerisa Tu kedlis mxatvrobis, ukavSirebdnen: mag., kastoriaSi, wm. giorgis
gacilebiT mcire raodenobisa, da CemTvis eklesia tu vunu (1368-1385), wm. aTanases
xelmisawvdomi masaliT, mxolod ramdenime eklesia (1383-1384) (sur. 7), qriste zoodotes
nimuSiT Semoifargleba (sinas xati, anisis eklesia (1389); aTonis mTaze qsenofontos
freska), maT Sorisaa Cveni xatic. monastris wm. demetres taZris egvteri (XIV
s), albaneTSi, lesnovikis maxloblad mde-
samagierod, Zalian didia ori wm. Tevdo-
bare RmrTismSoblis eklesia (XIV); serbeTSi,
res kompoziciebis nimuSebis raodenoba. Ta-
JiCas eklesia (XIV s-is miwuruli), paganovos
nac, wm. Tevdoreebis amsaxveli nawarmoebebi
wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis manasteri (XIV-XV
droSic gacilebiT metad aris ganfenili _
ss-Ta mijna)38; probotas eklesia rumineTSi39.
TiTqmis XVII s-is CaTvliT.
ori wm. Tevdores es ikonografiuli sqe-
XI-XII s-dan mxolod mcire xelovnebis
ma paleologosTa xanaSi mcire xelovnebis ni-
nimuSebia SemorCenili (tyviis sabeWdurebi,
muSebSic gamoiyeneba: mag., spilos Zvlis fir-
steatitis xatebi da sxva35. am ikonografiu- fita kremlis muzeumidan (XV s)40.
li redaqciiT Seqmnili ferweruli xatebidan sagulisxmoa, rom paleologosTa xanaSi
uadresia porfire uspenskis mier kievSi waRe- sagangebod xdeba wmindanTa iaraRis aqcenti-
buli da kievis sasuliero akademiaSi daculi reba, romelic sakmaod mravalferovania da
(an dakarguli) XII s-is sinas xati36 (sur. 6).
20
I, ст. 10, таб. VI. lebmac momawodes am xatis sqema da Sav-TeTri foto.
mariam didebuliZe
savaraudod, XII-XIII s unda iyos (kondakovi Oaks-is XI s-iT daTariRebul steatitis xat-
XII s-iT aTariRebs, izmailova ki XIV-XV)42. ze faric oria da xmalic44.
Tumca gansxvaveba mainc sakamod didia. wm. Tevdoreebis kompoziciis yvela ni-
upirveles yovlisa, Sinaarsis mxriv: Cvens muSSi, xazgasmulia materialuri iaraRi da
xatze gamosaxulia wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdo- misi mravalferovneba, farebic yovelTvis
re, sinas xatze ki wm. Tevdore tironi da oria45. nakifaris xatis SemTxvevaSi mxolod
wm. Tevdore stratilati. Tanac isini war- erTi, orive wmindanisTvis saziaro faris
dgebian ara uflis marjvenis, aramed maria- gamosaxva sakmaod iSviaTi ikonografiuli
mis naxevarfiguris winaSe, romelic gaSlili versiaa da garkveul simbolur mniSvnelobas
xelebiT gvirginebs adgams maT. maTi poze- iZens. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aqcenti ke-
bic gacilebiT ufro `dramatulia~ _ ufro
Tdeba swored wmindanebis locviT-mowameo-
mxrebSi da welSi moxrilni, TiTqos Camu-
briv funqciaze. miTumetes, rom sxva iaraRi
xlulni, ufro mkveTrad ukan gadagdebuli
_ arc Subi, arc xmali, arc mSvildisari _ ar
TavebiT, ufro xazgasmulad mavedrebel po-
aris gamosaxuli, anu materialuri sabrZolo
zaSi. gansxvavebaa SeiaraRebis mxrivac _ sinas
atributebi ugulebelyofilia. gamodis, rom
xatze figurebs Soris, SubebiTa da xmlebiT
wmindanTa upiratesi iaraRi maTi rwmenaa, ma-
flankirebuli, ori faria erTimeoeris `ze-
moT~ dadgmuli. Tvals xvdeba iaraRis simra- cxovris siyvaruli da erTguleba.
vle da mravalferovneba. wm. meomrebis gamosaxulebaTa sxva nimu-
nakifaris xatis SemTxvevaSi ki wm. meom Sebze (mag., wm. giorgis xatze mestiis muzeu-
rebi mxrebSi gasworebulni arian, da maTi midan, setis karedze, mravalricxovan Wedur
odnavi welSi gazneqa Tayvaniscemisa da gan- xatebze _ laSTxveris XI s-is an sujunas We-
dideba-vedrebis pozaze msubuqi miniSnebaa. duri xatebi), materialuri iaraRi, piriqiT,
xazgasmulia46.
21
es gamosaxuleba gacilebiT ufro stati-
kuria, ufro dinji, ieratiuli. nakifaris 44
Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons, pl. 6, fig. 5.
xati swored Tavisi lakoniurobiT erTg- 45
wm. meomarTa iaraRis formebsa da mniSvnelobaze
vari lapidarulobiT, epikurobiT axdens ix. P.L. Grotowski, Arms and Armours of the Byzantine Saints.
STabeWdilebas. Tradition and innovation in Byzantine iconography (843-1261),
Leiden, Brill, 2009.
rogorc vnaxeT, Tu wm. Tevdoreebis ga- 46
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканоое искусство, Тб.,
mosaxulebebi sakmaod mravalricxovania, gan- 1959, t. 2, ill.152, 156.
sakuTrbiT paleologosTa xanidan, nakifa- Zirs vertikalurad dadgmuli fari, erTgvari rega-
risnairi wyvili _ wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore, liis mniSvnelobiT, gamosaxulia favnisSi, wm. gior-
gis figuris `ukan~, iseve rogorc mis winaSe mdgomi
ufro iSviaTia43.
qtitorebis figurebs `ukan~. Tumca aq farebs ver-
ase rom, Cveni xati ikonografiuli Tval- tikalurad dayenebuli xmlebic axlavs. qtitoruli
sazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, wm. giorgis da wm. portretis garCevisas, e. privalova aRniSnavs, rom
Tevdores amgvari dawyvilebis uadresi da wveriT miwaze dadgmuli fari, xmlebi da Subebi sa-
varaudod, iaraRis kurTxevis da dalocvis rituals
unikaluri nimuSia, gansakuTrebiT ki erTi ganasaxierebs. Е.Л. Привалова, Павниси, Тб., 1977, gv 43,
faris gamosaxvis gamo. marTlac, Dumbarton 52; jruWis fasalmunSi (H-1665;) aris meore miniatu-
rac, 224 r (Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой гру-
42
Н.П. Кондаков, Иконы Синайской и Афонской коллекции зинской светской миниатюре, tab XXXVII), romelzec ga-
преосв. Порфирия, издаваемые в лично им изготовленных mosaxulia wm. giorgi da wm. demetre, magram sakmaod
23 таблицах, Санкт-Петербург, 1902, 10-12, таб. IV ; N. gansxvavebuli kompoziciuri wyobiT _ orive meomari
Izmailov, Une stéatite Byzantine du Musée de Chersonèse, in: kompoziciis marcxena nawilSi dganan erTad, locvad
L’art Byzantine chez les Slaves. L’ancienne Russie, Les Slaves xelapyrobilni marjvena zeda kuTxeSi cis segment-
catholoques. Deuxième recueil dédié à la mémoire de Théodore Si gamosaxuli qristes naxevarfigurisken, romelic
Uspenski, II, Paris, 1932, p. 32-48. maTken kurTxevis JestiT aris mimarTuli, xolo ia-
43
sakmaod gavcelebulia maTi amxedrebuli wyvile- raRi ki meomrebis figurebis `win~ aris gamosaxuli,
bi, Tundac zemoT dasaxelebuli garejis saberee- da faqtobrivad, qriste swored iaraRs akurTebs da
bis eklesiebSi, mefis mxatvar Tevdores freskebSi maTi pozac iaraRis kurTxevis Txovnas ufro hgavs.
(ifrali, nakifari), qvis mravalricxovan safasado aqac meomrebi fexiT Telaven eSmakis (demonis) fr-
reliefebze da sxv. Tosan nacrisfer figuras _ borotebis damarcxeba.
mariam didebuliZe
23
rac aseve XI s ufro axasiaTebs, da Zalian
bic msgavsad aris gazneqili. Tu SevadarebT
monumentur STabeWdilebas axdens. am STa-
XII s-is II naxevris favnisis moxatulobaSi wm.
beWdilebasve uwyobs xels daunawevrebeli
meomrebis torsis gazneqas, TvalSi sacemia
feradi laqebis jvaredini da dinji ritmi,
Zalian didi gansxvaveba _ favnisSi is TiTqmis
sqeli, Zlieri mkafio Savi konturis xazis
manerulobis zRvarzea50. Cveni xati ki Tavisi mTlianoba da statikuri xasiaTi. Savi naxati
TavdaWerilobiT, formaTa da konturis gan- Zalian energiulia, Tumca mSvidad mdinare,
zogadeba-mTlianobiT bevrad adreuli unda wynari. misi gavlebis tempi Zalian mSvidia.
iyos. g. alibegaSvili amaxvilebs yuradrebas xelis mtevnebis forma, TiTebis proporcie-
aseve naxatis stilizaciasa da dinamikaze. bic ufro XI s-saa, miTumetes Tu maT mesti-
Tumca XII s-is sxva nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT isa da lagurkis xatebs SevadarebT52.
aq Tvals swored Zlieri, cota mZime, mTlia- XII s-is nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT fi-
ni naxatis siwynare, pozaTa statika, monu- guraTa proporciebi odnav jmuxia _ Ta-
menturoba da a.S. xvdeba. saxis weris rbili vebisa da torsis zomebi fexebs aRemateba,
manerac XII-XIII saukuneTa nawarmoebebis sia- didi zomis oqros Saravandebi ki saerTo-
xloviT aixsneba51, Tumca nakifaris xatze dac adreuli xanis _ XI s-is mxatvrobisT-
saxis damuSavebis maneraSi meti simkveTrea, visaa damaxasiaTebeli. Cveni xatis figure-
vidre mag., angelozebis xatebze lagurkasa bis Tavis tanTan proporciuli Sefardeba
da mestiis muzeumidan. daaxloebiT, 1:6 aris, rac XI s-is mxatvro-
bis umetesi nawarmoebebis monacemebs ufro
49
g.alibegaSvili, T.sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
Tb., 1994. gv, 135. 52
n. WiWinaZes wignSi es xatebi XI-XII s-is mijniT Ta-
50
Е.Л.Привалова, Павниси, tab. XV. riRdeba, miTumetes, ufro adreuli unda iyos Cveni
g.alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
51
xati. n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba qarTuli
Tb., 1994. gv, 136. xatweris istoriidan, Tb., 2014, gv. 124.
mariam didebuliZe
Seesabameba53. figuris proporciebis dagrZe- neli TviT Savi naxatic Zalian lakoniuria,
leba XII saukunidan xdeba, metadre misi II na- sul ramdenime xaziT Seqmnili. saxeloze
xevridan moyolebuli da XIII s-Sic54. nakecebi martivad, paraleluri rkalebis
iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos wmindanTa saxiT aris mocemuli. magram feradovani
figurebi zemodan aris danaxuli _ zemodan, laqis daunawevrebloba ar qmnis aplikaciu-
zecidan, RmerTis `TvaliT~. erTgvari `Rv- robisa da sibrtyobriobis efeqts, radgan
Taebrivi rakursiT~, roca aqcenti saxeze da xazi, Tumca lakoniuri, mainc plastikurad
xelebze keTdeba, rac IX-X ss-is xelovnebas sakmaod gamomsaxvelia. sagulisxmoa, rom
axasiaTebda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es Ceqmebis zedapiri TiTqmis ar aris damuSa-
erTgvari gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxia da nakleb vebuli (Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
savaraudoa, rom mxatvarma ver moargo maTi ferweris zeda Sreebi Camocvenilia). ver ga-
zoma xatis formats, ver `Caatia~ kadrSi da movricxavT, rom am naxats miuyveboda gaRia-
debebi, magram axla aranairi kvali ar Cans
fexebis damokleba mouxda.
arc mosasxamebze, arc kabebze. mag., XII s-is
XI s-ze migvaniSnebs feradovani gadawyve-
damdegis 40 mowamis xatze samosis nakecebi
tac, sadac gacilebiT Zlieria Tbil ferTa
mkafio gaRiadebebiT da gamonaTebebiT aris
kuTri wona, XII s-is ufro civi tonebisken mi-
damuSavebuli, saxisa da sxeulis modelireba
drekili koloritisgan gansxvavebiT 55.
ufro `platikuria~ da xazis plastika ufro
xatis feradovani gadawyveta marTlac
gamokveTili, ufro mrgvlovani.
Zalian eqspresiulia: mkafio mJReri ferebis
Cveni xatis mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi pir-
didi laqebis dinji, statikuri ritmi xels velive SexedviT yuradRebas ipyrobs wmin-
uwyobs simSvidisa da monumenturobis, iera- danTa saxeebi, gansakuTrebiT didroni Tva-
tulobis gancdas. erTgvarad heraldikuri
24
lebis gamometyveleba.
gamosaxulebis xasiaTs aniWebs. rogorc es xSirad aris Sua saukuneebis
ferTa raodenoba ar aris didi _ Za- mxatvrobaSi, samosis damuSavebis SedarebiT
lian JReradi da Rrma singurisferi wiTeli ubralo, TiTqmis erTSriani manerisgan gansx-
oqrosferTan da aseve Rrma muq lurjTanaa vavebiT, wmindanTa saxeebze ufro rTuli,
Sexamebuli. sufTa, najeri, kompoziciaSi Za- sakmaod mravalSriani modelirebaa, Tanac
lian ostaturad, eqspresiuli ritmiT ganla- Zalian daxvewilad Sesrulebuli (sabednie-
gebuli ferebi msuye naxatis siSaviTaa gamk- rod, wm. giorgis saxe mSvenivrad aris Semo-
veTrebuli. naxuli, damuSavebis zeda fenebis CaTvliT).
feradovan gamomsaxvelobas, cxadia isic saxeebi marTlac Zalian eqspresiulia,
ganapirobebs, rom feris laqa faqtobrivad gansakuTrebiT wm. giorgis saxe _ mSvidi, er-
ar aris danawevrebuli gaRiadebebiTa da ga- Tgvari locviT-meditaciuri gamometyvele-
moTeTrebebiT. is ki ara, nakecebis aRmniSv- biT. saxis nakvTebi kaligrafiulad daxvewi-
53
Tumca Tavis da sxeulis proporciuli Sefardebis
li xazebiT aris moxazuli _ didi zomis, nu-
mkacrad gansazRvra da dadgena sxvadasxva periodis- Sis formis Tvalebi, quTuTosa da muqi sqe-
Tvis Znelia, aq ostatis individualobac did rols li warbis moqnilad gazneqili da gavlebuli
TamaSobs, magram erTgvari zogadi tendencia mainc
SeiniSneba da dadasturebulic aris samecniero li-
xaziT. cxviri, odnav momrgvalebuli nikapis
teraturaSi. J. and D. Winfield, Proportion and structure ovali, sakmaod maRali kiseri. dabali, `sva-
of the Human Figure in Byzantine wall-painting and mosaic, nuri~ Subli. ramdenime adgilas Savi naxati
B.A.R. International Series 154, Oxford, 1982.
wiTeli xaziT aris dublirebuli (mag., cx-
Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная
54
живопись, Тб., 2007, ст. 19-20. virTan). am xatze xazi kaligrafiulia _ anu
55
Т. .Б. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты древней фресковой росписи sisqe-siwvrilis moqnili gadasvla, funjis
главного Гелатского храма, Ars Georgica, 5, Tb., 1959, gv. moZraoba rom igrZnoba _ funjis dawoliT
195; T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, miRebuli msuye sisavse da Semdeg msubuqad
Tb., 2007, gv. 98.
mariam didebuliZe
`gasvla~ xazidan, rac idealurad wminda da rogorc aRvniSne, Cveni xati Tavisi
wvril daboloebas qmnis. mxatvruli saxiT sebastis 40 mowamis xatze
saxis sarCuli Tbili oqrosferi oqraa, cota adrindeli unda iyos. yvelaze metad
msubuqi moyavisfro-zeTisxilisferi Crdi- mas TiTqos swored am xatis mxatvrul ga-
lebiT, yirmizis mkrTali laqebiT loyebze, dawyvetasTan aqvs saerTo, magram mainc sx-
nikapze, Sublze, xelebze, da msubuqi gaRia-
vanairia. saxeebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom
debiTa da gamonaTebebiT. XI s-isTvis saxa-
weris manera iq gansxvavebulia, saxis nakv-
siaTo maryuJi cxviris zeda nawilSi, ufro
Tebis naxati ufro diferencirebuli, Cvens
intensiuri gamonaTebebi TvalebqveS, Subl-
xatze ki ufro ganzogadebul-mTliani, ga-
ze da cxvirze. Tvalis upeebSi mkafio TeTri
Riadebebi Cvens xatze naklebad gamokveTi-
wertilebia, romlebic mzeris xasiaTs da mi-
marTulebas gansazRvravs. Sublze da kiser- lia, ufro ganzogadebulia, sebastelebis
ze gamonaTebebs xazobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, Tu- xatze ki mkafio da mkveTria, amavdroulad,
mca arc iseTi, rogorc Tevdores nawarmoe- aseve diferencirebuli. sebastiel mowameTa
bebSi, aramed isini ufro statikuri, sxarti sxeulebis naxatic plastikuria, Cven, xat-
da moklea, ufro `monasmi~-a, vidre xazi. Si ki agreTve ufro ganzogadebuli, ar aris
maTi xasiaTi ufro XI s-is nawarmoebebisken ise diferencirebuli.
ixreba. Tvalis qveS muqi Crdilis dadebis sagulisxmoa kidev erTi: kompoziciuri
manerac ufro XI saukunis mxatvrobas emsgav- gadawyvetis msgavseba nakifaris meomrebis
seba. iseve rogorc cxviris Zgideze dadebu- xatTan _ 40 mowamis xatze locvis aRmasvla
li `mZimis~ formis rkali. XII s-is lazares da kurTxevis Segebeba aranakleb efeqturad
xatze saxeebis damuSaveba sakmaod gansxva- aris gamosaxuli.
vebulia _ ufro mkafio, ufro kontrastu- imisTvis rom 40 figura ganelagebina si-
25
li sarCulis mimarT, ufro xazobrivi. amave brtyeze ise, rom siRrmis Cveneba ar dasWir-
dros, es mSvidi saxeebi, TiTqos maradisoba-
veboda da, amave dros, es sruliad bunebri-
Si rom miumarTavT mzera, saocari Sinagani
vi yofiliyo, wina rigis figurebi ukiduresi
emociiT aris savse da Zalian metyvelia.
tanjvisgan Zirs damxobilni, Cakuzul-dawo-
am nawarmoebis mTavari mxatvruli STa-
lilni arian, amis wyalobiT ki mxatvari
beWdileba aris ieratiulobis, mdgradobis,
advilad gviCvenebs Semdegi rigis naxevrad
simkvrivis, sidinjis kompaqturobis, monu-
gulwasuli figurebis gadawolil-gadaxril
menturobis, ritmulobis, lakoniurobis
gancda. es niSnebi ki swored XI s-is mxatvro- pozebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv, maT `Semdeg~,
bas axasiaTebs. sasuraTe sibrtyeze ki maT zemoT gamosaxul
Tuki ikonografiis TvalsazrisiT Cveni mesame rigis figurebis danaxvis saSualeba
xatis miaxloebiTi paralelebi farTo bi- gvaZlevs, rigisa, sadac fizikur tanjvas
zantiur arealSi moiZebneba, stilis Tval- rwmena da religiuri aRfrTovaenba sZlevs,
sazrisiT mainc qarTuli masaliT gvixdeba es grZnobebi mexuTe, sul zeda rigSi namd-
Semofargvla, vinaidan berZnuli, an miTume- vil aRfrTovanebul sagalobels, gandide-
tes balkanuri an rusuli nimuSebi parale- bas da locvas gamoxatavs. am zeapyrobil
lebad ar gamodgeba _ bizantiasa da saqarT- xelebs zemodan Seegebeba macxovris makur-
velos Soris stilis sinqronuli ganviTare- Txebeli xelebi da kaSkaSa wiTliT dawerili
ba naklebadaa SesamCnevi56. mowameobrivi gvirgvinebis mZlavri melodia,
qristes xelebis moZraobas rom miyvebian da
56
Т. .Б. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты древней фресковой росписи
главного Гелатского храма, Ars Georgica, 5, Tb., 1959, gv. mowameTa Tavebisken eSvebian. TiTqmis musi-
195; T.virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, kaluri hangi gvesmis am daxvewil ritmSi _
Tb., 2007, gv. 99-100; m. didebuliZe, yincvisis wm. niko- rogorc pozebis da xelebis moZraobis, aseve
lozis taZris moxatuloba Tanadrouli bizantiuri
mxatvrobis konteqstSi, ACADEMIA, #1, 2010, gv. 69-88. TviT xazTa denis.
mariam didebuliZe
tes Sida damuSavebasTan SedarebiT, bevr ra- proporciebic ufro damjdaria. miuxedavad
mes gveubneba Sesrulebis TariRze. lagurkis fxotreris figuraTa mkacri frontaluro-
odigitriasTan SedarebiT, Cveni xatis Ses- bisa, nakifaris figurebi ufro statikur
rulebis manera ufro klasikuri Cans, ufro STabeWdilebas tovebs.
daxvewili, Tumca uSgulis odigitraiTan Se- Cveni xatis msgavsad, aseve XI-XII sauku-
darebiT _ ufro igrZnoba misi `svanuroba~. neebiT TariRdeba `jvarcmis~ xati mestiis
uSgulis odigitriis xati, romelic XI n. WiWinaZe miiCnevs, rom es xati saqarTvelos cen-
59
s-iT TariRdeba58 gacilebiT ufro rTuli tralur raionebSi iqna Seqmnili. xati: kulti da xe-
da mravalSriani teqnikiT aris Sesrulebu- lovneba, gv. 116.
60
yovelive amis gaTvalisiwnebiT, nana burWulaZem
li, gansxvavdeba meti emociurobiT, mariamis
gamoTqva mosazreba am xatis mefis mxatvar Tevdo-
xelis wagrZelebuli TiTebiT, xazis meti di- res mier Sesrulebis Taobaze. burWulaZe n., monu-
namikiT, misi gavlebis ufro swrafi tempiT, menturi da dazguri mxatvrobis urTierTmimarTe-
bis sakiTxisTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul saekle-
plastikurobiT, formaTa meti diferencia-
sio xelovnebaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, #11, 2007,
ciiT da gansakuTrebiT ki qristes sxeulis gv. 122-145. amis dabejiTebiT mtkiceba cota safr-
da samosis nakecebis plastikurobis xarisxiT Txiloa, Tumca Sesrulebis TariRis mxriv ki es xati
marTlac lagurka-nakifaris droisa unda iyos. ama-
_ (muxlis da wvivis mrgvlovanad, rkaluri
ve dros gasaTvaliswinebelia ferweris ama Tu im
xaziT gamokveTa, kvarTis gamWvirvaloba da dargis mxatvruli specifika _ erTi da igive osta-
simsubuqe da sxv.), Tanac igi ise ar aris `ga- ti dazgur nawarmoebs sxvanairad wers, freskas ki
Wedili~ kadrSi, rogorc Cveni xati _ meti sxvanairad, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi (mag., Teofane
berZeni), aseve aRorZinebis epoqaSic (mag., rafaeli).
g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
57 mefis mxatvar TevdoresTan garkveul siaxloveze
Tb., 1994. gv, 130. n. WiWinaZec miuTiTebs, Tumca rogorc mis wina-
58
n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tb., morbeds (n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba,
2011, gv. 7-8; misive, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv. gv. 117),.
113-116. 61
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv. 117-120.
mariam didebuliZe
muzeumidan62. Tumca misi mxatvruli saxis dumlo serobis gamosaxulebiT zeda CarCo-
gaTvaliswinebiT XI saukune TiTqos unda ga- ze, romelic XII-XIII saukunisa unda iyos. fe-
moiricxos _ ukiduresad dagrZelebuli pro- radovneba aqac Zalian STambeWdavia da aseve
porciebi, formaTa sifrifanoba, simsubuqe, jvaredin ritmze agebuli. Tumca am xatze
xazgasmuli emociuroba da dramatizmi, sa- saxeebi ufro martivia, ufro `daSlili~, sa-
mosis damuSavebis xerxebi _ yovelive gveub- xeTa nakvTebis naxati ufro wvrilia, ufro
neba, rom XII s-is II naxevarze adre ar unda dune, naklebad kaligrafiuli, ufro erTg-
iyos Sesrulebuli. nakifaris wm. meomrebis varovani sisqisaa. nakecebis naxati da mode-
xati ki masze bevrad adreuli droisa Cans63. lireba ufro martivi, `milebis~ msgavsi efe-
nakifaris wm. meomrebis xati gansxvavde- qtiT, rogorc mag., macxvariSSi. da rogorc
ba XI-XII ss-iT daTariRebuli mestiisa da la- Cans, isic swored am periodisa unda iyos67.
gurkis mTavarangelozTa xatebis mxatvruli kidev ufro gamohkveTs Cveni xatis xa-
saxisganac64, sadac sinaze, simsubuqe, gamW- siaTs misi Sedareba XIII s-is damdegis setis
virvaloba ukve mkafiod aris gamovlenili karedze gamosaxul wm. moemrebTan da asve XIII
(n. WiWinaZe maT komnenosTa epoqis saukeTeso s-is wm. giorgis xatTan mestiis muzeumidan68.
nawarmoebebad miiCnevs, rac swored XII s-ze xatweris nawarmoebis daTariReba, mi-
miuTiTebs65). Tumetes aTwleulebis sizustiT, sakmaod
Cvens xatze ar Cans XII s-isTvis damaxa- rTuli saqmea69 da mraval eWvs badebs xol-
siaTebeli proporciaTa wagrZelebuloba, me, miTumetes, rom aq ar gvaqvs iseTi sayr-
formaTa simsubuqe da sifrifanoba, saxis denebi, rogoric gaaCnia freskas (arqiteq-
`fsiqologiuri~ tipi, saxis mogrZo ovali, turis TariRi, warwerebi da a.S.) an minia-
ufro monumenturia, fexebic ufro moklea, turebs (kolofonebi, minawerebi da sxv)70.
27
torsi ufro grZeli, ara aqvT figuraTa Zalauneburad, amosaval wertilad viRebT
dekoratiuli modelireba, koloriti fa- kedlis mxatvrobas, Tumca yvelam kargad
qiz naxevartonebze ki ara, aramed gabeduli viciT, rom dargebs Soris teqnikuri sxvao-
lokaluri, JReradi ferebis laqebis rit- ba amgvari daskvnebis gakeTebas arTulebs.
mul monacvleobazea agebuli. marTlac, visac ki Tavis xeliT Seusrulebia
cxadia, aq dgeba am nawarmoebebis gansx- xatis an freskis asli, kargad icis, Tu ro-
vavebuli warmomavlobis da ostatobis do- gori gansxvavebulia es procesebi mxatvru-
nis sakiTxic, magram radgan isini yvela qar- li TvalsazrisiT.
Tuli xatweris nimuSebia, garkveuli, Zalze 67
sxvaTa Soris, am xatis ikonografiac Zalian Ta-
zogadi Sedarebebis gakeTeba albaT mainc viseburi da Znelad wasakiTxia _ vedrebis rigi, ga-
dasaSvebia66. datanil-gadanawilebuli gverdiT CarCoze, oRond
qriste mxolod serobis scenaSia, isic marcxena ki-
sainteresoa wm. meomarTa xatis Sedare- deSi, kompoziciis centrSi ki mTavarangelozebia. es
ba CaJaSis wm. mTavarangelozTa xatTan, sai- ucnauri da moulodneli gadawyvetaa.
68
n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, il.
62
n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tb.,
17, 19.
2011, gv. 8; g. alibegaSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 133;
T. Velmans, L’art de l’Icône, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris,
69
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv. 13.
2013,gv. 151; n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba, 70
xatebis gawmenda-restavraciac Zalian mniSvnelo-
gv 82, 120-124. vani faqtoria xatweris nimuSebis daTariRebisas.
63
swored XII s-iT TariRdeba sinas xati, romelTanac ase mag., g. alibegaSvili adreul naSromSi (Г. Али-
svaneTSi daculi jvarcma did siaxloves iCens. бегашвили, Памятники средневековой станковой живописи
из верхней Сванетии, krebulSi Средневековое искусство,
64
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv. 124-128;
Русь. Грузия, М., 1978, gv. 158-175) ormoci mowamis xats
t. velmansi maT XI s-iT aTariRebs, T. Velmans, L’art de
XIV s-T aTariRebda, xolo mas mere, rac restavra-
l’Icône, gv. 126.
torma a. ovCinikovma gawminda igi da Wvartlis sqeli
65
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba gv. 124. muqi Sris qveS brwyinvale feradovneba da daxvewili
66
g.alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, naxati gamoavlina, mecnierma xati XII s-is I naxevarze
gv. 146. gadaaTariRa.
mariam didebuliZe
Tumca arc imis ignorireba SeiZleba, aris rigi xatebisa (mag., ifralis ange-
rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli ferweris sami- lozi, nakifaris wm. giorgi, an Cviledi ma-
ve dargi drois garkveul msxvil monakveTe- riami da barbare, macxovari xedan, RmrTis-
bSi saziaro mxatvrul-stilistur Tavisebu- mSobeli lagurkidan da sxv.), romelTa `sva-
rebebs avlens71. nuroba~ eWvs ar iwvevs da swored zemoTCamo-
Cveni xatis mxatvruli warmomavloba Ti- Tvlili niSnebi axasiaTebs. magram metismeti
Tqos ar iwvevs eWvs _ igi ara mxolod ina- gamartive ba iqneboda svanuri ferweruli
xeboda svaneTSi, aramed swored svanur fe- saxelosnoebisTvis mxolod am saxis nawarmo-
rwerul saxelosnoSi unda iyos Sesrulebu- ebTa mikuTvneba.
li. amas gansakuTrebiT gvafiqrebinebs saxeTa marTlac, Tu gadavxedavT Cvens xelT
tipi, figuraTa proporciebi, da rac mTava- arsebul masalas, vnaxavT, rom svanur adgi-
ria, xazis xasiaTi. meore mxriv, xati tilo- lobriv xelovnebaSic Tanaarsebobda ufro
zea Sesarulebuli, Tanac sakmaod intensiuri ferweruli, mravalSriani modelirebiT
feradovnebisaa, saxis weris rTuli maneriT, Sesrulebuli nawarmoebebi (mag., uSgulis
es ki TiTqos ar unda iyos damaxasiaTebeli odigitria), da ufro martivi ferweruli
adgilobrivi svanuri nawarmisTvis. xerxebiT, daufaravad sibrtyovan-xazobri-
ama Tu im nawarmoebis `svanurobaze~ vi maneriT dawerili (macxovari xedan). vgo-
msjelobisas, didi yuradReba eqceva xol- neb, aq raime mkafio maxasiaTeblebis gamok-
me feradovnebas, gansakuTrebiT saRebavebis veTa Znelia.
SerCevas, romlebic, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadad `svanurobis~ kidev erT, wminda teqnikur
miwis pigmentebiT Semoifargleba72, iSviaTi niSnad miCneulia ferweruli fenis datana
gamonaklisiT (mag. firuzisferi ifrarSi); pirdapir xis zedapirze, an mxolod Txel
gruntze, tilos gareSe74.
28
dasxva aqvs. ase rom, es teqnologiuri maxasi XIII s-dan Cndeba, e. cigaridasi ki mas ufro
aTebeli mdgrad kriteriumad ver gamodgeba. gvian, XIV s-is Sua xanas miakuTvnebs78 (tro-
roca vambobT, rom wm. giorgisa da wm. fimova da izmailova am sqemas sinas ukav-
Tevdores xati svanuri ferweruli skolis Sireben, kondakovi ki konstantinopols,
nimuSia, aq nawarmoebis yvela mxatvruli da Tumca sinur xats somexi an qarTveli osta-
teqnologiuri komponenti igulisxmeba da, tis Sesrulebulad miiCnevs79).
rac mTavaria, maTi ganumeorebeli mTliano- qarTuli nimuSi erTgvarad axleburad
ba, daxvewilobis da mouxeSaobis, simSvidisa svams am sqemis warmomavlobis sakiTxs _ Tu
da Sinagani eqspresiulobis erToblioba. Cveni xati marTlac XI s-saa, igi am tipis kom-
es xati, Tu marTlac XI s-saa, rogorc poziciis erT adreuli nimuSi gamodis, Dum-
Cans, erTi adreuli nimuSia wm. meomrebis barton Oaks-Si daculi steatitis xatTan er-
votivuri75 wyviladi gamosaxulebis, sadac Tad80, da ufro adrea Sesrulebuli vidre am
ori wm. Tevdore ki ara, wm. giorgi da wm. sqemis XII s-is nimuSebi ori wm. Tevdores gamo-
Tevdorea warmodgenili. Tanac ikonogra- saxulebiT: tyviis sabeWduri Dumbarton Oaks
fiuladac da mxatvruladac xazgasmulad -idan81 da xsenebuli sinas ferweruli xati.
ugulebelyofilia maTi sabrZolo funqcia Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, raoden intensiu-
da atributika da aqcenti locviT-mWvrete- ri da aqtiuri iyo qarTvelTa moRvaweoba si-
lobiT aspeqtsa, vedrebasa da mowameobriv nas mTaze, sadac dadasturebulia qarTvel
Rvawlze keTdeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom berTa skriptoriumis arseboba82, qarTuli
ori Tevdores kompoziciis versia swored warmomavlobis xatmwerTa moRvaweobac sru-
saqarTveloSi Seqmnil ikonografiul reda- liad bunebrivi unda yofiliyo83.
qcias efuZnebodes. ar iqneboda gasakviri, Tu wm. meomarTa,
29
am ikonografiuli tipis, ufro sworad saxeldobr ki swored giorgisa da Tevdo-
ki ori wm. Tevdores gamosaxulebis warmoma- res, xatis am droisTvis es sakmaod iSviaTi
vlobaze sakmaod gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi sqema, saziaro gamxdariyo orivegan da misi
arsebobs. versiebis (ori wm. Tevdore) gavrcelebis-
rogorc davinaxeT, es sqema Tavidan ga- Tvis mieca dasabami.
moiyeneboda mcire plastikaSi (sabeWdurebi, Sesabamisad, ar aris gamoricxuli xsene-
steatitis xatebi), xolo xatwerasa da ke- buli ikonografiuli tipis swored qarTuli
dlis mxatvrobaSi Semdeg Cndeba. zogi mkvle-
78
A.Trifonova, The iconographical type of saints Theodore
vari miiCnevs, rom is saerTodac gviani xanis Tyron and Theodore Stratelates , gv.54, SeniSvna 9.
qmnilebaa, Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, paleolo- 79
N.Izmailov, Une stéatite Byzantine du Musée de Chersonèse,
gosTa xanaze adreuli mcire plastikis, xa- in: L’art Byzantine chez les Slaves. L’ancienne Russie, Les
twerisa da freskis nimuSebic aris. Slaves catholoques. Deuxième recueil dédié à la mémoire de
Théodore Uspenski, II, Paris, 1932, p. 32-48, gv. 38.
a. grabari ori wm. Tevdores kompozciis 80
Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons, pl. 6, fig. 5.
ikonografiuli sqemis samSoblod konstan- 81
Laurent, Le Corpus, V, 1, 597–598, no.779.
tinopls miiCnevs76, xolo trofimova _ Te-
l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. II
82
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XI s-is between them, is quite rare. In a way, there are certain
miwurulis wm. Tevdores da wm. giorgis xati resemblances with the fragment of the 11th c steatite
nakifaridan, mxatvruli doniT namdvilad icon from the Dumburton Oaks collection, the early
Tavisi drois saukeTeso nawarmoebebs ga- 13th c wall painting from Anisi, and the 12th c icon from
nekuTvneba, xolo ikonografiis Tvalsazri- Sinai (although in this case there are represented two
siT bevr saintereso sakiTxs svams mkvlevar- St Theodores, rich and diverse armor, and the Virgin
Ta winaSe. crowning them.
Thus, the Nakiphari icon seems to have quite rare
iconography for period in question (the 11th c) and in
terms of artistic rendering it is one of the masterpieces
of the medieval Svanetian painting.
84
n. burWulaZe, qarTvelebi sinas mTaze _ axali ma-
salebi qarTul-sinuri xatebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSo
riso konferencia `ucxoeTi qarTuli memkvidre-
oba~, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 2011, gv. 24-26. am
sqemis erTgvari gamoZaxili aris sinas wm. ekateri-
nes monasterSive Semonaxuli qarTuli xati wm. mefe
daviT aRmaSeneblis da wm. giorgis gamosaxulebebiT
(d. kldiaSvili, sinas mtis wm. giorgis xati daviT
aRmaSeneblis gamosaxulebiT, mravalTavi, # 15,
gv. 117-135). iqac wmindani 3/4 Si aris gamosaxuli
maRla, qristes naxevarfigurisken mimarTuli ve-
drebad, xolo ferxTiT, figuris ukan, wvetiT Zirs
mimarTuli fari udgas. aqac fars erTgvari damcro-
bili funqcia aqvs _ locviTi da meoxebiTi funqcia
TiTqos ufro xazgasmulia da mniSvnelovani.
mariam didebuliZe
31
33
8. wm Tevdore startilati da wm. Tevdore 9. wm. petre da wm. pavle, tbeTis saxarebis
tironi, spilos Zvlis xati, XV s. Weduri yda, XIII s.
St. Theodore Stratelatis and St. Theodore Tyron, St. Peter and St. Paul, Tbeti Gospel cover incuse,
ivory icon, 15th century 13th century
Tamar xundaZe aRsaniSnavia, rom adreul Sua saukuneebSi,
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
sxva sauflo dResaswaulebTan SedarebiT,
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri naTlisRebas ufro xSirad gamosaxaven, rac
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo savaraudod, qveynis moqcevasTan, rjulis
samxatvro akademia ganmtkicebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
niSandoblivia isic, rom naTlisRebis re-
liefuri kompoziciebis umetesoba, swored,
tradiciulad, qristianobis gamarjvebis,
qristes rjulze moqcevis niSnad aRmarTul
`naTlisReba~ Sua saukuneebis qvajvaraTa waxnagebzea gamokveTili1. aseTia,
qarTul reliefebze* mag., berijvaris (VI-VII ss)2 (sur. 1), brdaZoris
mcire (VI s)3 (sur. 2), dmanisis sof. ganTia-
naTlisReba _ aTormetTagan erT-erTi sau- dis (VI s)4 (sur. 3), usaneTis (VIII-IX ss)5 (sur.
flo dResaswauli _ umniSvnelovanesia Teo- 4) qvasvetebi; aseve, adreuli Sua saukuneebis
logiuri da liturgiuli TvalsazrisiT. qvajvarebis fragmentebs unda warmoadgen-
naTlisRebisas pirvelad xilulad gacxadda den karbis Xs-is eklesiis fasadze CaSenebu-
wminda sameba, uflis samive hipostasi: Ze _ li6 (sur. 5) da rkonis midamoebSi aRmoCenili
ieso, suliwminda _ mtredis saxiT da mama _ (sur. 6) reliefuri gamosaxulebebi; naTlis-
xmiT, sityvebiT… _ `ese ars Ze Cemi sayua- Rebis kompozicia gvxvdeba funqciurad da
reli, romeli me saTno viyav~ (maTe, 4,17). es ideurad masTan dakavSirebul embazze Jale-
movlena oTxive maxarebelTan aris damowme- Tidan (VI-VII ss)7 (sur. 7) da webeldis kankelis
buli (maTe, 4, 13-17; markozi, 1, 9-11; luka, filaze (VII-VIII ss)8 (sur. 8). mcire arqiteq-
34
35
lebiTi sazrisis axsnas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi arse- biT damSvenebuli JaleTis embazis garda
bul naTlisRebis reliefur kompoziciebs (sur. 7), yuTisebri, sada embazebi SemorCe-
nilia sof. wverodabalis (VI-VII ss), bzifis
Soris gvxvdeba rogorc am Temis sayovel-
cixis eklesiis (IX s), Tavkveris, anatoris15,
Taod dakanonebuli ikonografiuli sqema,
romelic efuZneba oTxive maxareblis mier 10
mag. romis katakombebis mxatvrobisa da sarkofage-
damowmebul saxarebiseul teqsts da gamo- bis reliefebis (santa maria atikvas sarkofagis,
episkopos maqsimianes savarZlis reliefis (VI s), mi-
saxavs iesos naTlisRebas mdinare iordane- lanis spilos Zvlis diptiqonisa (V s) da sxva ga-
Si, sadac macxovari warmodgenilia mowiful mosaxulebebi, G. Sciller, Iconography of Christian Art, v. I,
New York, 1971, gv. 58-88, il. 148, 349-353 (uwveruli
asakSi _ `meocdaaTesa welsa..~ (luka. 3,23)
Wabukis saxiTaa warmodgenili ieso ravenis arianel-
(JaleTis embazis (sur. 7), webeldis kanke- Ta baftisteriumis V s-is mozaikur kompoziciaSic).
lis (sur. 8), avnevis (sur. 9) reliefebi), ise, 11
k. maCabeli, brinjaos sacecxlurebi saqarTvelo
yrma iesos naTlobas embazSi (berijvaris Si, xelovneba 6, Tb., 1991, gv. 43-58; N. Iamanidzé, Les
installations... gv. 32 (iqve ix. literatura am sakiTxze).
(sur. 1), usaneTis (sur. 4), karbis (sur. 5) 12
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Сирийская чаша в Ушгуле, Вопросы
историии скусства, Тб., 2002, gv. 128-136, il. 39-42; N.
общества, т. XII, СПб., 1901, gv. 202-203; g. CubinaSvili,
Iamanidzé, Les installations ... , il. 22.
qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1936, gv. 208-209;
Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой
13
embazSi ieso, mxolod zrdasrul asakSi, warmod
Грузии, Тб., 1962, gv. 68-69; Н. Чубинашвили, Хандиси, Тб., genilia 900 wliT daTariRebul spilos Zvlis re-
1978,gv. 86-90;n. aladaSvili, VIII-IX saukuneebis qvaze liefze turnedan. G. Sciller, Iconography… il. 162.
kveTili reliefebis adgili Sua saukuneebis qarTu- 14
k. maCabeli, qristianuli ikonografiis … gv. 46;
li skulpturis ganviTarebaSi, saqarTvelos siZve- n. iamaniZe, qarTuli embazebis ..., gv. 69; N. Iamanidzé,
leni, #7-8, Tb., 2005, gv. 51-52; Л. Хрушкова, Скульп Les installations ... gv. 31-33; n. gengiuri, sanaTlavis
тура средневековой Абхазии V-X вв., Тб., 1980, gv. 43-85; struqturis Taviseburebebi qarTul adreqristia-
N. Iamanidzé, Les installations…... gv. 115-129. nul arqiteqturaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 17, Tb.,
9
i. giviaSvili, sofel avnevis eklesia, saqarTvelos 2014, gv. 110.
siZveleni, 10, Tb., 2007, gv. 97-117. 15
N. Iamanidzé, Les installations ... gv. 19-25, il. 2, 4, 9, 11-15.
T a m a r x u n d a Z e
bic, romlebic wylis stiqias ukavSirdeba26 _ Tavze dadeba, rac Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad,
moses gadasvla wiTel zRvaze (gamosvla - 14, RvTisadmi Sesawir msxverpls niSnavs _ `das-
21-29; pirveli korinTelTa -10, 1-6), isu dva xeli misi Tavsa zeda mis Sesawirvisasa~
naves mier iordaneze aRTqmis kidobnis ga- (lev., 1,4)30. adreqristianul locvebSi (epik
dasveneba (ieso naves Ze _ 3, 11-17), ionas is- leses da anamnezes locvebi) naTlisReba
toria (iona _ 1,15; 2,1-11); winaswarmetyvel msxverplis ziarebisTvis kurTxevis mTavar
elises mier aramis mefis sardlis nayamanis moments warmoadgens31. es azri xazgasmuladaa
keTrisgan saswaulebrivi gankurneba mdinare gadmocemuli karbis reliefze, sadac kom-
iordaneSi27 (meoTxe mefeTa _ 5, 1-14) da sxv. poziciis zeda nawilSi gamokveTil jvarTan
sagulisxmoa, rom Zveli aRTqmis es teqstebi erTan, iesos embazis qveS kravis gamosaxule-
Sesulia naTlisRebis sakiTxavebSi da ixsenie- baa warmodgenili (sur. 5). es gamosaxuleba
ba naTlobis saidumlos aRsrulebis dros28. TiTqos xiluli gacxadebaa iesos danaxvaze
naTlisRebis reliefur kompozicieb- warmoTqmuli naTlismcemlis sityvebisa `aha
Si xSirad gvxvdeba jvris gamosaxuleba. be- tarigi RmrTisa, romelman aRixunes coduani
rijvarisa (sur. 1) da usaneTis qvasvetebze soflisani~ (ioane 1,29).
(sur. 4) jvari embazebzea amokveTili, xolo sainteresoa isic, rom Tu karbis re-
brdaZorisa (sur. 2) da karbis (sur. 5) re- liefze tolmklava Zlevis jvaria gamosaxu-
liefebze calke, kompoziciis Tavisufal li, brdaZoris kompoziciaSi (sur. 2) naT-
areze. yvela SemTxvevaSi is aSkarad mia- lismcemelsa da yrma iesos Soris warmod
niSnebs qristes vnebebze, jvarcmaze. naT- genilia dagrZelebulqvedamklaviani jvari,
lisReba xom gacxadebaa kacobriobis xsnis- romelsac k. maCabeli md. iordaneSi naT
Tvis qristes dedamiwaze movlinebisa, rac lisRebis adgilas aRmarTul memoriuli
37
misi jvarcmiT sruldeba. naTlisRebisa da stela-jvris gamosaxulebad miiCnevs32, rac
jvarcmis mistiur kavSirze araerTi miniSne- xSirad gvxvdeba naTlisRebis klasikur
baa saxarebasa (markozi, 10, 38-39; luka, 12, ikonografiul redaqciebSi (amis erT-erTi
50) Tu mociqulTa epistoleebSi (romaelTa, adreuli magaliTia ravenis marTlmadide-
6, 34). eklesiis mamaTa swavlebiT, jvarcmuli belTa baptisteriumis V s-is mozaika). naT-
macxovris gangmiruli gverdidan gadmodine- lisRebisa da jvarcmis kavSirze miuTiTe-
buli sisxliTa da wyliT (ioane _ 19, 34) _ bs agreTve, berijvaris qvasvetis meore
am `macocxlebeli wyaroebiT~ dadginda qris- waxnagze gamokveTili jvarcmis kompozicia.
tianuli eklesiis ori umTavresi saidumlo webeldis filis kompozicia (sur. 8)
_ evqaristia da naTloba29. axladmonaTluls naTlisRebis saxarebiseul, istoriul, ga-
kiserze swored jvars kideben, rac qristes
vrcelebul ikonografiul versias gadmogv-
jvris tvirTvas ganasaxierebs _ `raodenTa
cems, sadac zrdasruli, wverosani qriste
qristes mier naTelgviRebies, qriste Segvi-
SiSveli dgas naTlismcemlis winaSe, ori
mosies~. saRvTismetyvelo tradiciaSi naT-
angelozi Tayvaniscemis, Sevrdomis niSnad,
lisReba macxovris msxverplis winasaxedaa
xelebs mimarTavs macxovrisken. am kompozi-
miCneuli. amis niSania ioanes xelis iesos
ciaSi oTxive saxarebaSi damowmebuli wmin-
26
iqve, gv. 131 da samebis samive wevria gamosaxuli: erT
27
es siuJeti gamosaxulia brdaZoris mcire qvasvetze vertikalze ganlagebuli kacebrivi sxeu-
naTlisRebis zemoT, k. maCabeli, qarTuli qristi liT Semosili Ze _ ieso, suli wminda _
anuli xelovnebis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2014, gv. 88-89.
28
G. Sciller, Iconography… gv. 128.
30
iqve, gv. 121.
29
n. azauraSvili, oTxi jvari xelovnebis muzeumis
31
A. Grabar, Un rouleau liturgique constantinopolitain et ses
`aTonuri tipis~ jvrebis koleqciidan, narkvevebi V, peintures, DOP, 8, 1954, gv. 182.
Tb., 1999, gv. 121, sqolio 3. 32
k. maCabeli, qristianuli ikonografiis … gv. 45
T a m a r x u n d a Z e
mtredis saxiT da xma mamisa, romelic xi- reliefze gamosaxuli WurWeli angelozis
lulad, makurTxeveli marjvenis saxiT aris xelSi am ikonografiuli detalis gamosaxvis
gadmocemuli _ `uflis xeli mamaRmerTis adreul nimuSad unda miviCnioT. avnevis re-
sityvebs aRniSnavs~33. uflis xmis, sityvebis liefze qristesa da naTlismcemels Soris
saxviTad gadmocemasTan dakavSirebiT, sain- gamosaxuli sami Tevzi, mdinareze miniSnebasa
teresoa andria kesaria-kabadukielis gan- da naTelRebuli qristianebis simbolos gar-
marteba wminda ioanes `gamocxadebis~ erT- da, SesaZloa, wminda samebasac gamoxatavdes.
erT epizodze _ RvTismetyveli ambobs: `da Tumca, rTuli gasagebia kompoziciis marcxe-
miviqec mun xilvad xmisa mis, romeli metyo- na areze gancalkevebiT warmodgenili meoTxe
da...“ kabadukieli mama ase ganmartavs apoka- didi zomis vertikalurad, zemoT mimarTuli
lifsis am pasaJs _ `amiT gulisxma vhyofT, Tevzisa da mis Tavze reliefurad amozidu-
viTarmed ara kacobriv TualiTa saxilveli li sada kvadratuli formis gamosaxulebis
anu yuriTa sasmenel iyo xmai igi, rameTu
mniSvneloba. xom ar SeiZleba es ukanaskne-
Tqua, viTarmed: miviqec ara smenad, aramed
li JaleTis embazisa (sur. 7) da webeldis
xilvado xmisa mis, rameTu sulieri smenai da
(sur. 8) kompoziciebSi sworkuTxa monakveTis
xilvai erT arian...~34 aqedan naTlad Cans, rom
saxiT gadmocemuli cis segmentis msgavsad,
qristianuli xelovnebis pirobiTi, abstra-
zeciur samyaros ganasaxierebdes, romliske-
hirebuli saxviTi ena Tavad wminda werilis
nac naTelRebuli suli (Tevzi) miemarTeba?
daSifrul, simbolur metyvelebas efuZneba.
uflis xmas zogjer, simbolurad mxolod
avnevis X s-is, erTi SexedviT, tradi-
cis segmentic ganasaxierebs. SesaZloa, avne-
ciuli ikonografiis kompoziciaSi (sur. 9)
vis reliefzec (sur. 9) es sworkuTxa forma,
ramdenime saintereso detalia. kerZod, sa-
38
TAMAR KHUNDADZE the new one, is understood as prognostic for the Bap-
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
tism; balsamarium is more unusual detail which is held
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation by angel (Avnevi, 10th century) that can be explained
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art by the influence of church sacred worship reflected in
patristic literature.
Therefore, this theme is shown under different se-
MEDIEVAL GEORGIAN RELIEFS mantic context on each relief and it enriches the whole
OF THE BAPTISM picture of Baptism iconography in Middle Medieval
Art by its unique sonority.
Summary
39
scene in earlier Medieval Georgian Art development of
which is affected by tradition of Baptism of human in
infant age (K. Machabeli, N. Iamanidze, N. Gengiuri),
and, probably, by episode of Infant ablution shown in
the Christmas Scene that is recognized as forerun of
Baptism as such.
In Georgian monuments reflecting the Baptism we
often encounter both traditional and less spread icono-
graphic details, for example, cross representation (Beri-
jvari, Usaneti, Brdadzor, Karbi) that points out The Pas-
sion of Christ, Crucifix (Marcus, 10, 38-39); (Luke, 12,
50); (Romans, 6, 34). Christ Holy Eucharist is pointed
out by lamb representations on Karbi relief (Joannes
1, 29); aureola in dove’s bill (Brdadzori, Jaleti, Karbi,
Rkoni). This aureola may, on the one hand, represent
martyrdom that points out The Passion of Christ, His
Eucharist, and on the other hand, it also represents the
symbol of victory over the evil through the Baptism,
glorifying God and Masters’. At the same time, this
representation is an allusion of Noah history, where the
dove informs the survivors from the Flood about the
beginning of new life (the Genesis – 8, 11). The Flood
_ the destruction of godless world and the beginning of
T a m a r x u n d a Z e
3. ganTiadis qvajvari(fragmenti)
Gantiadi stone cross (fragment)
41
Karbi church. Stele incorporated in façade (fragment)
43
ba Wedurobasa da monumentur mxatvrobaSia
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, raWisaTvis
daculi, X-XI saukuneebis qvis plastikaSi ki
wminda giorgis ikonografiis saintereso
masala SedarebiT naklebia. Tumca, swored
da iSviaTi interpretaciebia damaxasiaTebe
qvaze kveTilma reliefma Semogvinaxa urwmu-
li. maga liTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT
no imperatorTan mebrZoli wminda giorgis
joisubnisa da genduSis kompoziciebi, rom-
yvelaze adreuli gamosaxulebebi (martvilis
lebzedac wmindani tradiciulad axalgazr-
dasavleTi frizi (VII s)2, webeldis kankeli
(VII-VIII ss)3. 4
N. Iamanidzé, dasax. naSr., gv. 75, tab. 58-59.
wminda giorgis amsaxveli ramdenime 5
Р. О. Шмерлинг, Архитектурные памятники района древних
селений Адзикви и Бза, macne, 2, Tb., 1969, gv.121-127, tab.
mniSvnelovani reliefuri scena raWaSia Se-
42-50.
morCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom wminda mowamis 6
Н. А. Аладашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 136.
aq Seqmnili saxeebi, aseve ikonografiuli de- 7
Р. О. Шмерлинг, dasax. naSr., tab. 25, 57.
talebi, yovelTvis gadawyvetis garkveuli 8
n. aladaSvili, joisubnis reliefebi. sabWoTa xelov-
neba, 7, Tb., 1978, gv. 68-76; raWa. 1991. miwisZvriT dazi-
* statia momzadda SoTa rusTavelis fondis mier
anebuli Zeglebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 19-21, tab. gverdebze
dafi nansebuli proeqtis `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
168-169.
qandakeba~ farglebSi. wakiTxulia profesor dimit-
ri TumaniSvilis 65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samec-
9
T. dadiani, wminda giorgis amsaxveli reliefi gadaRma
niero konferenciaze (Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, genduSidan. akad. vaxtang beriZis dabadebis 100 wlis-
Tb., 2015, 11-12 ivnisi). Tavisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis Tezisebi, 2014 wlis
1
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I, Tb., 1960, 11-12 dekemberi, Tb., 2014.
gv. 50-53. 10
n. aladaSvili, nikorwmindis reliefebi, Tb., 1957,
2
Н. А. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М., gv. 20, 27-29; Н.А. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура
1977, tab. 52, 55. Грузии, gv.146-193, tab. 149-150, 156.
3
Р. О. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой
11
z. sxirtlaZe, mravalZalis wm. giorgis eklesia, Zeglis
Грузии, Тб., 1962, tab. I; N. Iamanidzé, Les Installations Liturgi- megobari, 60, Tb., 1982, gv. 40-47.
ques Sculptées des Églises de Géorgie (VIe-XIIIe siécles), Bibliothé- v. silogava, znakvis ucnobi warwerebi (XI s), analebi,
12
que de L’antiquité Tardive, 15, Brepols, 2010, tab. 84. #5, Tb., 2009, gv. 171-132, sur. 1-4.
T a m a r d a d i a n i
da uwveruli ymawvilis saxiT aris warmod- liefi wminda Tevdoresa da wminda giorgis
genili, diokletianes mxatvruli saxe ki sak- warmogvidgens _ gamosaxulebebs Tan erTvis
maod originaluradaa gadawyvetili. joisu- asomTavruli warwera: `wmidao giorgi Seiwy-
banSi wminda meomris SubiT gangmirul urw- alen keTÁlad moRuawenÁ amis eklesiÁsani~16.
muno mefes Saravandi adgas, rac ucnauria sainteresoa wmindanebis zeaRmarTul
`uaryofiTi~ personaJis Cvenebisas. Tumca, xelTa mdgomareoba _ cali xeli orantasTvis
ar aris gamoricxuli es detali bizantiu- damaxasiaTebeli JestiT xelisguliT win
ri saimperatoro ikonografiidan momdina- aris naCvenebi, meore ki gadabrunebulia da
reobdes.13 genduSis reliefze uRmrTo impe- Subsaa CaWidebuli. msgavs kompozicias vxe-
ratori rqiani muzaradiTaa warmodgenili davT gveldesis kankelis erT-erT svetze (IX
da eSmakTan badebs asociacias. nikorwmindis s)17 (sur.8), romelzedac veSapis mlaxvreli
dasavleTi portalis timpanze yuradRebas wverosani wmindania gamoqandakebuli. gve-
ipyrobs wminda giorgis tipaJi grZeli swori leSapTan mebrZoli qveiTi wminda meomrebi _
TmebiT, rac aseve ar aris damaxasiaTebeli wminda giorgi da wminda qristefore gvxvde-
ba Tixis firfitaze vinicidan (makedonia, VIII
am wmindanis ikonografiisaTvis. cnobilia,
s-mde)18. mravalZalis SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa,
rom wmindanis kanonikuri saxe sakmaod ad-
rom mtris daTrgunvis aqti locvasTanaa da-
reul xanaSi Camoyalibda (gavixsenoT Tund-
kavSirebuli, rac moqmedebas abstraqtul,
ac VI saukunis sinuri xati wminda giorgisa
gadataniT xasiaTs aniWebs da mis sulier,
da wminda Tevdores gamosaxulebebiT)14 da
transcendentur mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
X-XI saukuneebSi ukve sabolood dasrule-
zeciuri amalis wevrebi _ wminda meomrebi _
buli saxe miiRo. nikorwmindis Tanadroul
`jvarcmis~ scenis gverdiT arian gamosaxulni
qarTul Wedur da ferwerul xatebsa da
da qristianobis gamarjvebas ganasaxiereben.
freskebze yovelTvis gamokveTilia wminda
44
wels mTlianad aRudgeniaT. Ashgale, 2003, gv. 53, 125, tab. 24.
T a m a r d a d i a n i
45
istoriuli muzeumi, XI-XIII ss)23 (sur.9). tipisaa da bizantiur nimuSebs imeorebs
znakvis reliefuri scena samecniero li- (magaliTad, zemoxsenebuli harbavilis
teraturaSi mxolod v. silogavas weriliT triptiqoni).
aris cnobili, romelSic ZiriTadi yuradRe- stilur mxares rac Seexeba, znakvis ga-
ba warwerebzea gamaxvilebuli. wmindanis ga- mosaxulebis mZlavri, daunawevrebeli blo-
mosaxulebis orsav mxares ganTavsebuli ki- kis saxiT mocemuli formebi fonisken Zlier
durwaisruli asomTavruli warwera paleo- momrgvalebuli kideebiT skulpturulobis
grafiulad zustad XI saukunis dasawyisiT zogad STabeWdilebas qmnis, rac X sauku-
TariRdeba: `w(mida)Á g[(iorg)i]. nisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aRsaniSnavia fi-
w(mida)o g(iorg)i || [Sei]|wy{a}le c(o)
guris dgomis manera, damjdari proporciebi,
d[v(i)li] i(ovan)e lozi||m[e da S(vil)ni] |
statikuroba, rac mas aseve X saukunis Zegl-
mis[ni, a(me)n]24.
Ta wreSi aqcevs da ganasxvavebs magaliTad,
19
v. silogava, dasax. naSr., gv. 177. XI saukunis Weduri xatebisgan, romlebsac
20
F.S. Kleiner, dasax. naSr., tab. 9-26. wagrZelebuli proporciebi, figuraTa sib-
21
P. L. Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradi- rtyeze ganTavsebis SedarebiT Tavisufali
tion and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843-1261), Boston,
Brill, 2010, tab. 33. manera, erTgvari simsubuqe gamoarCevs. qvis
22
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, иллю- qandakebaSic X saukunis bolo skulpturu-
страции, Тб., 1959, tab. 45, 47, 36, 151, 152. lobis Ziebis zogadi niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili
23
r. Smerlingi, marmarilos qandakeba sof. vanidan, da am periodSi sibrtyobriv-grafikuli mane-
smam, t. XVII, #2, Tb., 1956, gv. 187-88; a. SaniZe, vanis
marmarilos qandakebis warweris wakiTxva-gagebisaTvis,
risa da dekoratiul-moculobiTi nawarmoe-
smam, t. XVIII, #9, Tb., 1956, gv. 857-859. bebis Tanaarseboba sakmaod xSiri movlenaa.
24
v. silogava, dasax. naSr., gv. 182; warweraze muSaobisas
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis did madlobas vuxdiT b-n T.
25
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 156.
jojuas. 26
iqve, tab. 42.
T a m a r d a d i a n i
saukunis dasawyiss SegviZlia mivakuTnoT. (Mravaldzali, 11th century and Znakva (Motkiari), 11th
amasTanave, gamosaxulebis erTgvari kavSiri century). The relief of Mravaldzali with its rare icon-
X saukunis qvis reliefebTan raWis skulp- ographic solution is most compelling – bearded Saint
turuli skolis garkveuli maarqaizebeli George on foot slaying the unbeliever Emperor Dio-
xasiaTiT unda aixsnas. cletian. From an iconographic point of view, the Znakva
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze kar- arrangement is directly related to the Georgian wrought
gad Cans wminda giorgis raWaSi Seqmnil sa- icons of 10-11th centuries, though very rare for sculp-
xeTa mravalferovneba da unikaluroba, rac tural plasticity. Within scientific literature, the only re-
am regionSi wminda mowamis Zlieri kultis cord of this monument is the inscription accompanying
arsebobas miuTiTebs. amas adasturebs ra- the relief, dated back to the beginning of the 11th century.
Wasa da mezobel svaneTSi didi raodenobiT
The stylistic analysis also confirms the 11th century. The
SemorCenili Weduri xatebic wmindanis
diversity and the unique character of the Saint George
cxenosani Tu qveiTi gamosaxulebebiT.
imagery (especially the depictions of his face) created in
Racha is well documented in a letter confirming a pow-
erful cult of the Saint Martyr in this region.
27
Н.А. Аладашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 71.
28
iqve, tab. 72.
29
iqve, tab. 102-109.
30
T. xundaZe, safaris monastris wminda sabas taZris
kankeli, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 17, Tb., 2014, gv. 181-
192, sur. 1.
31
Н.А. Аладашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 122, 123, 124.
32
Р. О. Шмерлинг, dasax. naSr., tab. 27, 35-36.
T a m a r d a d i a n i
47
49
51
Sua welze _ gaRunuli, metad gaganivrebuli
moculobebs qmnis. pirveli da mniSvnelovani
(es erTgvari enTazisia), bolos, bazisTan,
cvlileba taZris gegmaSi aris dasavleTi
Zlier Seviwrovebuli. bazisebi sami nawilis-
mklavis damokleba gumbaTqveSa sivrces-
agan Sedgeba _ qveda, ufro didi, sworkuTxa
Tan SedarebiT; gumbaTqveSa kvadrati bev-
kvadratia, zeda ori, ufro dabali, oqtogo-
rad Warbobs dasavleT mklavs. dasavleTi
nis formisaa, maT Semomrgvalebuli wiboebi
mklavis sigrZe da Sesabamisad, dasavleTiT
aqvT. bazisebis aseT damuSavebaSi profilTa
mklavebSorisi sivrceebis sigrZe TiTqmis
da arqiteqturul detalTa nairgvarobis
gautolda samxreTi da CrdiloeTi mklavebis
siyvaruli vlindeba, rac `safara-zarzmis~
sigrZeebs. gegmis SigniT gaCnda toli mon-
epoqis ZeglebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
akveTebi. amgvarad, Senobis grZivi swrafva rogorc vxedavT, faqtiurad daSlilia, Tu
mniSvnelovnad Senelda. SeiZleba iTqvas, „damsxvreulia“ burjebis
rogorc cnobilia, Senobis grZivi Re- oqtogonuri forma. isini taZris kedlebs
rZis damoklebis tendencia ukve XIII sauku- sakmao manZiliT arian daSorebuli da maor-
nis dasawyisSi daisaxa da XIV saukunis dam- ganizebeli elementis mniSvnelobas sivrcis
levamde viTardeboda. sigrZivobis Seneleba, diferenciaciaSi ar kargaven, rogorc es Sem-
swored Senobis dasavleTi nawilis sigrZeSi dgom safara-zarzmis jgufis ZeglebSia _ iq
damoklebiT xorcieldeboda. `safaraSi es burjebs dakarguli aqvT Tavisuflad mdgomi
midrekileba ufro sagrZnobia, vidre wina svetebis ieri, mcired dacilebuli kedlebi-
periodis ZeglebSi...~5 Tiseli, Wule, zar- sagan mis monakveTebad aRiqmebian da Sveri-
zma, gergetis sameba, caiSi kidev ufro me- lebs ufro emsgavsebian. maT oqtogonuri
tad uaxlovdeba kvadrats. gasaTvaliswinebe- formac ki Secvlili aqvT. miuxedavad Tavisi
lia, rom am mogviano xanis ZeglebSi gegmis formisa, hujabis taZris burjebi arafriT
5
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 54.
Camohgavs XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris
qeTevan abaSiZe
Zeglebis natif, msubuq da haerovan svetebs, am ZeglebSi misi mniSvneloba ise Zlierad
romlebic TavianTi mkafioebiT da daxvewili ar SeukveciaT (Tiseli am mxriv gamonakliss
proporciebiT gamoirCevian. warmoadgens _ ar aqvs bema).
amrigad, hujabSi ukve burjebmac icvala rogorc Cans, hujabi zogierTi Tvise-
garkveulad saxe da maT SesrulebaSi aSkarad biT, axali safexuris ZeglebTan poulobs
gamovlinda gardamavlobis kidev erTi niSani. saerTos da gansxvavdeba XIIs-isa da XIII sau-
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala sakurTxevlis kunis pirveli naxevris taZrebisgan.
zomebic (sur.4,5). taZris sigrZis fardoba XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnis, `safara-zar-
sakurTxevlis siRrmesTan gviCvenebs, rom zmis~ epoqis Zeglebs aRar axasiaTebs mis-
sakurTxevlis zoma taZarTan mimarTebiT wrafeba vertikalurobisaken, simaRleSi
gazrdilia (1:2,9). am mxriv pirveli nabijebi azidulobisaken. „beTania-qvaTaxevis“ jgu-
idgmeba TviT `beTania-qvaTaxevis~ periodis fis taZarTa damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba
ZeglebSive _ timoTesubani (1:2,98 msgavsia Zlierad wagrZelebul gumbaTsa da qveda ko-
hujabis), axtala (1:2,8). Semdgom, `safara- rpuss Soris, am taZrebis xuroTmoZRvrul
zarzmis~ epoqaSi sakurTxeveli iseTive far- sxeulSi mniSvnelovnad Senelebulia. isini
dobiT gaizarda, rac am sam ZeglSi. rogorc ufro damSvidebulni da zomierni arian. mniS-
vxedavT, hujabis eklesia kvlav axali niSnis vnelovnad icvleba gumbaTisa da taZris qveda
erT-erT damwyebad gvevlineba. korpusis damokidebuleba, gumbaTi dabldeba
sakurTxevlis sivrciT-moculobaSi bema da ganivrdeba kidec. gumbaTis dadablebis es
Semcirebulia da metic, aq is mxolod zemoT, procesi, kvlavac pirveli jgufis ZeglebSi
kamaraSi, quslebis donezea erTi safexuriT iwyeba _ timoTesubanisa da yincvisis arq-
gamoyofili. qvemoT afsida faqtobrivad iteqtorebi adableben gumbaTs da Semdgom
52
53
ria. es garkveviT acilebs gansaxilvel ta- aris Secvlili.
Zars „beTania-qvaTaxevis“ jgufis Zeglebs da unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTi mklavis
mas `safara-zarzmis~ epoqas uaxlovebs. da gverdiTi sivrceebis amgvari, „safexu-
pirveli jgufis ZeglebSi dasavleT rovani“ urTierTdamokidebuleba, agreTve
mklavSi maRali da ganieri TaRi iyo, rac mklavis simaRlesa da mis kedlebSi gaWril
gverdiTi, mklavebSoris monakveTebis mTlian TaRs Soris Sefardeba, rodesac dasavleTi
sivrcesTan harmoniul SekavSirebas ganapi- mklavi Zalian maRalia da TaRi 2.5-jer eteva
robebda. mklavebSorisi monakveTebis sivr- mis simaRleSi, XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris
ceebi, axali safexuris Zeglebisagan gansx- ZeglebSi gamoCnda. aseTia fitareTis „Zvel“
vavebiT, ganieri da maRali iyo. isini didi, ZeglTa jgufis boloSi moqceuli eklesia.
ganivrad gaxsnili, Seisruli TaRebiT `iR- dasavleTi TaRis es dadableba mkveTrad
gamovlinda hujabSi da gansakuTrebiT er-
vreboda~ dasavleTi mklavis sivrceSi, uerT-
TawmindaSi (1:2,5 da 1:2,7). igi amave saxiT ga-
deboda mas da xazs usvamda Sida sivrceebis
formda Semdgom, „axali“ jgufis ZeglebSic.
zeviTken vertikalur swrafvas. es TaRebi,
sainteresoa, rom mogviano xanis ZeglebSi
Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva sivrceebis (gverdiTi
dasavleT mklavSi TaRis dadablebasTan er-
monakveTebis da dasavleTi mklavis) harmoni-
Tad, Tavi iCina patronikeTa motivis gaxsene-
uli urTierTSerwymis safuZvelze, mTliani
bam, romelic funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, faq-
sivrcis kompaqturobas ganapirobebda.
tiurad Sinaarsaa gamoclili. yvela SemTx-
Semdgomi epoqis ZeglebSi dasavleT
vevaSi, es erTgvari cru patronikea. XIII s-is
mklavSi mowyobili TaRebis dadablebiT, Se-
dasasrulisa da XIV s-is ZeglebSi _ safara,
sabamisad, gverdiTi monakveTebis daviwrove-
zarzma, Wule6 _ is TiTqmis mxolod dekora-
biT (amas emateboda burjebis, rogorc maor-
tiuli xasiaTis elements warmoadgens, mxo
ganizebeli elementis mniSvnelobis gauqmeba
da misi Serwyma kedlebTan), es sivrceebi da- 6
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 32; 144.
qeTevan abaSiZe
mklavebi sivrceSi, adreuli, X_XIss-is Ze- linebad darCa; wuRruRaSenis ostatis mier
glebis (oSki, sveticxoveli, alaverdi, sam- SemoTavazebuli `patronikeTa~ motivi ki
Tavisi, samTavro da sxv.) `safexurovan~ sivr- ufro misaRebi da Sesatyvisi aRmoCnda XIII-XIV
ciT gadawyvetas mimarTa. maT Sorisaa XIIs-is saukuneTa mijnaze warmoCenili axali safex-
dasawyisis gelaTic, romelmac samTavissa urisTvis. is mniSvnelovnad ar cvlida fasa-
da samTavrosTan erTad, arsebiTad, Semdegi debis princips. hujabTan SedarebiT, yvela
saukuneebis taZarTa struqtura, maTi kon- am Zeglze gverdiTi saTavsebi amaRlebulia,
struqciuli da mxatvruli iersaxe gansaz- rac XIIs-isa da XIII s-is pirveli naxevris Ze-
Rvra. am taZrebis jvruli mklavebi mkafiod glebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da, am axa-
aris gamoyofili sivrceSi da naTlad Semow- li safexurisTvisac ufro axlobeli darCa.
ers jvris formas, rasac xels uwyobs gver- axali safexuris Zeglebis xuroTmoZRvrebma
diTi, mklavebSorisi saTavsebis (aRmosavle- mxolod daamSvides es proporcia imave gziT,
TiT) da sivrceebis (dasavleTiT) sidable. rogorc hujabisam, gazardes centraluri
jvris mklavebi, rogorc Sida sivrceebSi, ise nawilis simaRle, magram ara imdenad, ro-
gare masebSic bevrad maRalia, amitom, taZ- gorc es hujabis xuroTmoZRvarma gaakeTa.
ris moculobebi mkafiod nawevrdeba sivrce- amrigad _ dadablda dasavleTi mklavis
Si (sur.9, 10, 11, 12). amgvarad, gare masebSi CrdiloeT da samxreT kedlebSi moTavsebu-
`safexurovneba~ centraluri nawilis, jvris li TaRebi, amis gamo dasavleTi mklavi ufro
mklavebis, gverdiTebTan SedarebiT, Zlieri metad gamoikveTa da mkafiod Semoifargla
amaRlebiT gamoixateba. `beTania-qvaTaxevis~, gluvi, daunawevrebelzedapiriani, maRali,
ufro adreul ikorTasa da sxva am tipis Ze- Zlieri kedlebiT. aseTive dauWrel-daunaw-
evrebeli, vrceli zedapiris mqone kedlebi
7
i. gomelauri, erTawminda, Tb., 1976, gv. 27-28.
gars artyia mTel sivrces, mtkiced Semosaz-
8
i. gomelauri, erTawminda, Tb., 1976, gv. 27. p. zaqaraia,
Rvravs calkeul sivrcul monakveTs. Zlier
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba XI-XVIII ss, Tb., 1990, gv.121.
qeTevan abaSiZe
55
cia igrZnoba, TaRebi sul ufro metad nax-
SeWrili ferdidan. hujabSi sakurTxevlis
evarwriuli xdeba. rogorc vxedavT, am mxriv,
tradiciuli sami sarkmlidan gverdiTebi,
hujabis taZris arqiteqturul gadawyvetaSi
afsidis centraluri sarkmlis aqeT-iqeT,
„Zvelis“ da „axlis“ niSnebi kvlav erTdrou- gluv kedelzea „gadatanili“, niSebi ki, maT
lad Tanaarsebobs. momdevnod, gverdiT aris gaweuli. amrigad,
adre ukve aRvniSneT, rom hujabis ekle- niSebs taZris arqiteqturuli sxeulis
siis jvruli korpusis Zlieri amaRleba ni- gadawyvetaSi mxolod dekoratiuli funqcia
Sania, romelic mas gviani xanis Zeglebs uka- darCa. es araa SemTxveviTi.
vSirebs. magram gumbaTqveSa korpusis aseTi niSebis konstruqciuli azrisagan da-
aziduloba arc mogviano xanaSi gvqonia. vi- clis procesi XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris
naidan am Zeglebma, rogorc adre vTqviT, ZeglebSi iwyeba, ukve wuRruRaSenSi isini im-
siganeSi mniSvnelovnad moimata, maTi Sida denad pataraa, rom sarkmlebi maTSi CaWed-
sivrce ufro gaiSala da gaganivrda, hori- ilia da `saTamaSosaviT~10 gamoiyureba, xolo
zontalma bevrad gadaaWarba vertikals. ase fitareTis ostatma aseve patara zomis niSe-
rom, kvlav vxedavT „axlisa“ da „Zveli“ niS- bi Zlier miuaxlova erTmaneTs da CarTo aR-
nebis Tanaarsebobas. hujabi, rogorc vTqviT, mosavleTi fasadis dekoratiuli gaformebis
sigrZe-siganis mixedviT XIIIs-is pirveli nax- sistemaSi. arc erT da arc meore SemTxvevaSi
evris Zeglebis proporciebs imeorebs, xolo sarkmlebi ar amovardnila niSidan. rogorc
beTanias absolituri zomebiTac ki Tanxvde- vxedavT, niSebis sidide mniSvnelovnad Sem-
ba. amgvarad, xuroTmoZRvarma gegmis sigrZe- cirebulia, isini `amoZravdnen~ kidec fasa-
siganis fardoba ar Secvala, mis SigniT moax- dze, maT konstruqciulad ganmtvirTve-
dina cvlilebebi, sxvanairad gadaanawila lis funqcia aRar akisria. aqedan hujabis
ZiriTadi monakveTebi da erTianad, Zlierad 9
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 67.
aamaRla sivrce, jvris mklavebi. Sesabamisad, 10
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 61.
qeTevan abaSiZe
magaliTamde bevri aRaraferi rCeba. niSebi ravs. `XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis ZeglebSi es
faqtiurad, rogorc vTqviT, dekoratiuli sistema kanonizeburad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
daniSnulebisRa aris. kvlav xuroTmoZRvari 12 sarkmeli gumbaTis yelSi; 3 _ sakurTxevlis
ver eleva adrindel arqiteqturul formebs afsidSi; or-ori (zogjer damatebiTi mrgva-
da tradiciad qceul normebs da konstruqci- li sarkmlebiT), samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis
uli mniSvnelobis gauazreblad xmarobs maT. mklavebSi da umetesad dasavleTis mklavSiac
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom niSebis konstruqci- (aq ar vgulisxmobT meorexarisxovani sad-
uli azrisgan dacla periodulad, aRmosav- gomebis sarkmlebsac)“12. samsarkmliani afsi-
leTi fasadidan maT gaqrobas ukavSirdeba. dis arseboba aRmosavleTi fasadis niSebTan
marTlac, gavixsenoT, rom `safara-zarzmis~ iyo dakavSirebuli. man XII-XIII saukuneebSi
epoqis ZeglTa xuroTmoZRrebma niSebi saer- gansakuTrebiT mtkiced moikida fexi. magram,
Tod uaryves da amoiRes xmarebidan. parale- rogorc ukve vnaxeT, niSebi konstruqciuli
lurad taZrebis aRmosavleTi fasadebidan azrisagan TandaTanobiT daicala da aman Ta-
gaqra sami sarkmelic. `es motivi am droisaT- visi gavlena iqonia sarkmelebzec. wuRru-
vis ukve dromoWmuli iyo~11. hujabis taZari, RaSenSi, rogorc vTqviT, xuroTmoZRvarma
niSebis fasadidan gaqrobis procesis er- daapatarava sarkmeli imisTvis, rom rogorme
Tian xazze ukanasknel, damamTavrebel eta- Caetia igi Tavis niSaSi. hujabis ostats
pad gvevlineba. axla ukve erTi nabiji rCe- sakrmlebi ar daupataravebia, magram radgan
ba XIII-XIV saukunis mijnis xuroTmoZRvarTa maTze uari jer kidev ver Tqva, isini niSe-
gadawyvetilebamde gaauqmon isini. bidan amoiRo, centraluri sarkmlis aqeT-
amrigad, aRmosavleTi fasadis es erT- iqeT moaTavsa, niSebi ki maT Semdgom gaWra
erTi mniSvnelovani da misi mxatvruli saxis fasadze. xuroTmoZRvrisTvis aucilebelia,
56
ganmsazRvreli motivi, romelic pirvelad rom gverdiTi sarkmlebi didi iyos, radgan
wromis xuroTmoZRvarma gamoiyena, XII-XIII sau- aRmosavleTidan taZars mTa emijneba. igi im-
kuneTa mijnaze gadagvarebisa da konstruqci- denad axlosaa, rom garSemosavlelad mcire
uli Sinaarsisagan daclis gzas daadga. hu- bilikic ki araa datovebuli. mTa araTu far-
jabis xuroTmoZRvarma jer kidev SeinarCuna avs fasads da mis aRqmas aZnelebs, aramed-
niSebi taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis gadawyvet- dRis Suqic, mze, Zalian gvian aRwevs taZris
aSi. misTvis isini kvlav tradiciad, uryev xu- sivrceSi. aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, sarkmleTa
roTmoZRvrul normad ganicdeba, Tumca ukve sidides gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda.
ara konstruqciul, aramed dekoratiul-mam- amrigad, hujabis xuroTmoZRvari jer
kob elementad. aqve unda gavixsenoT albaT kidev mijaWvulia XII-XIII saukuneebis normebs
erTawmindis CrdiloeT fasadze moTavsebuli da maTi rRvevis jer mxolod gzebs saxavs.
niSa, niSebi Tbilisis metexis dasavleT da amitomac SeinarCuna man es sarkmlebi niSebT-
CrdiloeT fasadebze, romlebic am procesis an erTad fasadze, rogorc taZris ganaTebis
kidev erTi naTeli gamomJRavnebaa. SeiZleba mtkiced tradiciuli elementi. mxolod
davaskvnaT, rom hujabis taZari am mxrivadac mogvianebiT _ safaris xuroTmoZRvarma (XIII
Sualedur, gardamaval adgils ikavebs. xu- saukunis dasasrulsa da XIV saukunis da-
roTmoZRvari ver eleva aRmosavleT fasa- sawyisSi) SeZlo ukuegdo, rogorc `dromoW-
dze, qarTul sataZro arqiteqturaSi kanonad muli~, es niSebica da masTan dakavSirebuli
qceul, tradiciul sakurTxevlis sam sark- sarkmlebic _ afsidSi man mxolod erTi sark-
melsa da samkuTxa niSebs. meli datova.
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia taZris siv hujabis xuroTmoZRvarma, rogorc Zve-
rceSi sarkmelTa ganlagebis mxrivac, rac li tradiciuli norma, SeinarCuna aRmosav-
bunebrivia, ganaTebis sistemasac gansa zRv leT sam sarkmels Soris damokidebuleba _
11
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 63. 12
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 67.
qeTevan abaSiZe
57
xanis ZeglebSi Senelda rogorc gumbaTis
saukunis pirveli naxevris ZeglTa boloSi yelis `mkveTri~ proporcia, ise misi dapir-
mdgom fitareTTan, wuRruRaSenTan da fuZn- ispirebac qvemo sivrcesTan. es amave saxiT
arTan poulobs saerTos. aisaxa taZris ganaTebis sistemaSi.
niSandoblivia isic, rom hujabis taZris igive SeimCneva hujabSic. gumbaTqveSa
gumbaTSi 12 sarkmelia SenarCunebuli. XIII-XIV sivrceSi sarkmlebi SedarebiT ufro dada-
saukuneebis mijnis Zeglebi am mxriv, aSkara blebulia, Tumca, proporciebis mixedviT,
reaqcias gamoxatavs, gumbaTSi sarkmelTa ra-
jer kidev bevrad ar gansxvavdeba XIIs-isa da
odenoba iq Semcirebulia.
XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris Zeglebis sark-
XIIs-isa da XIIIs-is pirveli naxevris Zeg-
melebisgan. es gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT
lebSi mravalsarkmlianoba taZris Sida sivr-
sarkmlebze iTqmis _ Signidan (interieri-
cis SuqiT mTlianad gasxivosnebas ganapiro-
dan) maTi proporciebi beTaniis sarkmelTa
bebda, rac sadResaswaulo iers aniWebda mas
proporciasTan poulobs saerTos. mxolod
da cxoveli moZraobis, simsubuqis, zeviT gum-
hujabSi taZris korpusis Zlierad azidvis
baTisken miswrafebis STabeWdilebas qmnida.
gamo, isini bevrad ufro patarad moCans.
13
CrdiloeTiT erTi sarkmlis ganTavseba garkveul amaTgan gansxvavebiT, cvlileba ganica-
logikasac eqvemdebareba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
taZris RerZi zustad aRmosavleTiT ar aris ori- da gumbaTis sarkmlebma. isini dapataravda
entirebuli da Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken ixreba, es (hujabSi 0,95-3,9 m. beTaniaSi 1-4,2 m), gaiz-
naTeli gaxdeba. mzis sxivebi dagvianebiT aRwevs am arda maT Soris manZilic da, rac mTavaria,
viwro xeobaSi, radgan mTa aRmosavleTidan Zalian
axlos aris aRmarTuli. mTeli dRis manZilze mze isini gumbaTis yelis safuZvels dauaxlovda.
ZiriTadad, samxreT da dasavleT mxares anaTebs, qvemodan yurebisas, mxolod maTi gumbaTi-
xolo Casvlisas cota xniT Cerdeba CrdiloeTi
fasadis sarkmelze. amis gamo, dRis ganmavlobaSi sa da gumbaTqveSa sivrcis gamyof salteze
samxreTidan da dasavleTidan meti sinaTle aRwevs `Semowyobili“ TaRovani daboloebebi moCans.
taZarSi da, bunebrivia, Sida sivrcis ganaTebasac
ZiriTadad es sarkmlebi ganapirobebs. 14
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 67.
qeTevan abaSiZe
amis gamo, gumbaTi Zveleburad gakaSkaSebuli wvdeba. Zlierad aris dadablebuli sakurTx-
da haerSi molivlive aRar geCveneba. evlis sami sarkmelic, imdenad rom maTi ga-
aqve unda gavixsenoT isic, rom gumbaT naTeba maRal, ganier da farTo sakurTxev-
qveSa sivrce, afrebs zemoT daSenebuli wri- els verc ki wvdeba. amitom, centraluri
uli kedliT (1,5 m. simaRlis) zeda nawilSi sarkmlis aswvriv maRla, konqamde patara
Seviwroebulia. am Seviwroebas aZlierebs mrgvali sarkmelia gaWrili, Tumca verc es
iasamnisferi qviT gamoyvanili gamomyofi wyvets am sakiTxs ukeTesad (sur.5). dasavleT,
saltec, romelic sakmaod gadmoweulia. is samxreT da CrdiloeT mklavebTan SedarebiT,
gumbaTqveSa sivrcis damaboloebeli aqcen- sakurTxeveli dabindulia.
tia. garda amisa, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, safaraSi `wm. sabas afsidi ufro farTo
gumbaTi Zlier dadablebulia, gumbaTqveSa da dabali Cans, Tumca absoluturi zome-
jvruli qveda sivrce ki Zlierad gazrdilia biT igi mcired gansxvavdeba mag., beTaniisa
_ yovelive amis Semdeg, albaT aRar iqneba da qvaTaxevis afsidebisagan~. rasakvirve-
ucnauri is, rom gansxvavebiT XIII-XIV sau- lia, sxva mizezebTan erTad, safaraSi amas
kuneebis Zeglebisagan, hujabis eklesiaSi erTi sarkmlis arsebobac ganapirobebs mniS-
gvaqvs gumbaTsa da qveda sivrces Soris ara vnelovnad. esec, albaT mogviano xanis erT-
dapirispirebulobis Seneleba, aramed erTi erT niSnad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, magram
sivrculi monakveTis `mowyveta~ meoresagan aqve davZenT, rom hujabSi sakurTxevlis ase-
(sur. 4,7,8). Ti `dabinduli~ saxe mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
xuroTmoZRvari Seecada es dapirispireb- Zlierad ganaTebuli dasavleTi, samxreTi da
uloba rogorme `Seenelebina~, man gumbaTi ga- CrdiloeTi mklavebisagan. rogorc aRvniS-
nasrula ara naxevari sferoTi, aramed „kver- neT, aq qvemoT daweuli sarkmlebi mklavebis
58
cxiseburi“ formiT, riTac simaRleSi gazar- TiTqmis SuaSia ganTavsebuli, rac interier-
da is (sur. 4, 5). aseTi „wawvetebuloba“, qve- Si ganaTebis simSvides ganapirobebs. maT mier
modan xedvisas, vizualurad agrZelebs gum- SemoSvebuli Suqi Tanabrad efineba simaRle-
baTis moculobas. is msubuqdeba, haerovnebis Si wagrZelebuli, aziduli kedlebis daunaw-
gancdas badebs da Tavze „Camomxobilad“ aRar evrebel, vrcel zedapirebs da sakmao siZli-
geCveneba. amrigad, xuroTmoZRvari eZebda eriT anaTebs maT. amrigad, es ganaTebuli
axal gadawyvetas, magram mTlianoba daerRva sivrce, iseve rogorc gumbaTis SemTxvevaSi,
da Sedegad, gumbaTis sivrce saerTo sivr- sakurTxevlis dabindul saxes upirispirdeba
cidan `mokveTili~ aRmoCnda. es kidev erTxel _ rogorc vxedavT, organuli mTlianobis
migviTiTebs imaze, rom taZris aSeneba, Su- darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme.
aledur, gardamaval xanas unda miekuTvnos, taZris sivrceSi moxvedrils, SeuZle-
roca Zveli normebis `msxvreva~ da axal Se- belia SeumCneveli darCes ganaTebis mxriv
fardebaTa Ziebis mcdeloba iCens Tavs. gverdiTi, meorexarisxovani saTavsebis ase-
gumbaTqveSa sivrceSi sarkmlebis pro- Tive `gamoTiSva~. dasavleTi mklavebSori-
porciebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar si sivrceebi dabali TaRiT mkafiod gamo-
gvaqvs, samagierod, maT adgili Seecvala da eyofa dasavleT mklavs, aRmosavleT mxares
qvemoT daiwia. gansakuTrebiT dablaa samxre- maT maRali Seisruli TaRebi aqvs da piriq-
Ti da dasavleTi mklavebis SuaSi moqceuli iT, metad ukavSirdeba gumbaTqveSa sivrces.
ormagi sarkmlebi. garda amisa, isini ukve sakurTxevlis gverdiTi saTavsebic gaxsnili
aRaraa kedlis sibrtyeze erTmaneTTan ax- iyo centraluri sivrcisken. samsxverplo
los gaWrili. erTmaneTs daSorebuli, ufro CrdiloeTi, maRali TaRiT ukavSirdeba gum-
xalvaTad da Tavisuflad Tavsdebian mkla- baTqveSa sivrces, samxreTiT moTavsebuli
vis areSi. CrdiloeTi sarkmeli SedarebiT sadiakvne ki orsarTuliania. misi qveda saT-
maRlaa, magram kamarebis quslebs mainc ver avsi mainc maRali TaRiT yofila sivrcisken
qeTevan abaSiZe
59
ufro metad aZlierebs calkeuli sivrculi keTeba aqac savsebiT logikuri saWiroebiT
monakveTebis erTmaneTisagan `mokveTas~. nakarnaxevi gveCveneba. albaT kvlav relief-
organuli kavSiri, iseve rogorc mTliani is, anda Tavad arqiteqtoris mouqnelobis
sivrcis gadawyvetaSi, aseve ganaTebis siste bralia is, rom karis Riobi burjs emTxveva
maSic, rogorc vxedavT, sruliad darRveu- (samxreTiT ar emTxveva)19.
lia. sakurTxevlis samxreTiT da Crdiloe
hujabis taZars sami kari aqvs _ samxre TiT tradiciisamebr, pastoforiumebia mo
Tidan, CrdiloeTidan da dasavleTidan. wyobili. esaa aRmosavleTiT afsidiT dabo-
samxreTi da CrdiloeTi karebis adgilis Ser- loebuli, odnav wagrZelebuli sworkuTxe-
CevaSi, xuroTmoZRvari garkveviT emyareba XII- di. sakurTxevlidan gasvla karis saSuale-
XIII saukuneebis Zeglebis mtkice tradiciebs. biT mxolod samkveTloSia SesaZlebeli. XII
`Sesasvlelebs samxreT-dasavleTisa da Crdi- saukunisa da adreuli XIII saukunis pirveli
lo-dasavleTis kuTxis monakveTebSi aTavsebs, naxevris ZeglebSi iSviaTad vxvdebiT msgavs
gumbaTqveSa burjebis gaswvriv (ikorTa, beTa- SemTxvevas (samTavro, ikorTa, yincvisi). Cve
nia, qvaTaxevi, yincvisi), saidanac interieris ulebriv, sakurTxevels samkveTlosac uka-
aRqmis gansakuTrebuli cxovelxatuli, mra- vSirebdnen da sadiakvnesac. `safarasa da
valgvari sivrcobrivi elementebis Semcveli misi epoqis ZeglebSi sadiakvnis `gamoTiSva~
aspeqtebi ixsneba~15. momdevno xanaSi, samxreTi ugamonakliso wesia~20 (zarzma, safara, Wule,
Sesasvleli gumbaTqveSa kvadratisaken iwevs bieTi, gergetis sameba, Tiseli) da es araa
da mis farglebSi eqceva, rac kidev ufro me-
16
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 64.
tad anelebs sivrcis aRqmisas sigrZiv RerZs.
17
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 64.
amrigad, Sesasvlelebis adgilis gansazRvris 18
iqve, gv. 64.
mxriv, xuroTmoZRvars raime axali araferi 19
dRes es kari amoSenebulia.
15
i.gomelauri, erTawminda, Tb., 1976, gv.23. 20
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 64.
qeTevan abaSiZe
ra Tqma unda, Tavis daRs daamCnevda mSene- vebs adgils da maTi rigis erT-erTi bolo-
blobis xarisxsac. Tagania. hujabSi axal gadawyvetebs sivrcis
mSeneblobis dabali xarisxi ganapiro- organizebaSi, Zvelis gaxsenebaSi eZieben. xu-
bebs imasac, rom sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli roTmoZRvari abrunebs samTavro-samTavisis
konstruqciebis da detalebis saxe mokle- epoqis ZeglTa struqturul aRnagobas, sa-
bulia sizustes, simkafioes, maTi formebi dac qristianobis umTavresi simbolo, taZ-
TiTqos `iSleba~. amiT interieris isedac ris arqiteqturuli aRnagobis xerxemali _
`darRveuli~ saxe kidev ufro metad `irRve- jvari _ Sida sivrceebsa da Sesatyvisad, gare
va~; XII-XIII saukunis ZeglebisaTvis damaxasi- masebSic mkafiod iyo gamoxatuli. Tumca
aTebeli Sesrulebis artistizmi aq sruli- masSi, rogorc mZafri politikur-ekonomi-
ad waSlili da dakargulia, magram ar aris uri Znelbedobis xanaSi agebul taZarSi, mka-
`darRveuli~ taZris mZlavri centraluri _ fiod aisaxa istoriul procesebTan ganuyre-
jvruli sivrce. xuroTmoZRvari axerxebs ar- lad dakavSirebili, xuroTmoZRvrebasa da
qiteqturuli mTelis organizebas, Sekvras _ xelovnebaSi gamovlenili krizisic.
`harmonizebas~. didi, farTo daunawevrebeli `beTaniisa, qvaTaxevis, fitareTisa da
zedapiris mqone kedlebiT mkafiodaa Semow- sxva am jgufis ZeglebSi Sua saukuneebis
erili CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis cxovelxatul
da aRmosavleTi mklavebis maRali sivrce- dekoratiulma stilma Tavisi sruli umwver-
moculobebiT warmoqmnili jvari. amgvari valesi gamoxatuleba hpova~23. am mimarTu-
arqiteqturuli Temaa hujabis xuroTmoZ- lebiT ganviTareba amowuruli iyo `XIII-XIV
Rvrul naazrevSi da es sivrculi jvari saukuneebis mijnaze, roca samcxeSi kvlav in-
Zlier birTvad aRiqmeba. mis fonze zeviT tensiuri muSaoba gaiSala, arqiteqtura ukve
61
aRwerili `rRveva-daSlilobani~ erTgvarad axal safexurze dgas~24. bunebrivia, es safex-
ukana planze gadadis. is rac axali etapis uri, romelic mkafiod aris gamokveTili da
Camoyalibebis procesisaTvis mniSvnelova- gansxvavdeba wina xanis xuroTmoZRvrebisa-
nia, aq meorexarisxovnad da zogjer moux- gan, erTbaSad ver gaCndeboda. XIII saukunis
eSavad gauazrebel `SemTxveviTobad~ aRiqme- pirveli naxevris ZeglebSi ukve Tavs iCens
ba, zogjer ki, xuroTmoZRvris `sisustesac~ Zvel arqiteqturaSi fesvgadgmuli normebis
gvidasturebs. is cdilobs axali naazrevis rRvevis tendencia (yincvisi, timoTesubani,
wuRruRaSeni, hujabi, axtala, kojris kabe-
_ Sinaarsis gadmocemas, mxolod arqiteqtu-
ni da sxva), XIII saukunis Sua wlebi (erTaw-
rul-konstruqciuli saSualebani jer ver
minda, qarTlis metexi da erTi-ori kidev
aqvs masTan Serwymul-SenivTebuli. Sinaars-
sxva Zegli) ki is xanaa, romelmac moamzada
sa da formas Soris erTgvari `acdenis~
es safexuri. rogorc Sida sivrceebis ana-
`Sevseba~ zogierTi formis xazgasmuli aq-
lizidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, hujabis taZ-
centirebiT xdeba. aseTTagania mag., interi-
ari `mosamzadebeli~ (gardamavali) nagebo-
eris, Sida sivrceebis gadawyvetaSi es aris
baa, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs miRebuli
jvris mkafiod gamoxatva, rac cxadia, gare
normebis rRvevisa da axlis Ziebis niSnebs. aq
masebSic `gardaicema~; taZris xazgasmuli
Tavs iCens Zvelisa da axlis `Widili~.
feradovneba; samxreT fasadze or sarkmels
Soris aRmarTuli jvris kompoziis mZlavr
feradovan aqcentad warmoCena, da Tanac,
ormag jvrad gamosaxva da sxva.
amrigad, erTgvari Sejamebis saxiT,
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom hujabis taZari „be- 23
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 225.
Tania-qvaTaxevis“ jgufis Zeglebs Soris ika- 24
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 225
qeTevan abaSiZe
KETEVAN ABASHIDZE
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
Summary
63
2. hujabi. gegma Hujabi. Plan
qeTevan abaSiZe
4. hujabi. sigrZivi Wrili xediT CrdiloeTze 5. hujabi. Gganivi Wrili xediT aRmosavleTze
Hujabi. Longitudinal section, view of the north Hujabi. Cross section, view of the east
qeTevan abaSiZe
65
8. hujabi. interieri, xedi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
Hujabi. Interior, view from the north-east
qeTevan abaSiZe
67
lesiaTa moxatulobebi. marTalia, zemo svan- istoriis institutis XXVII samecniero sesia miZRv-
eTTan SedarebiT, qvemo svane Tis XIII sauku- nili vaxtang beriZis dabadebis 70-e wlisTavisadmi,
muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1984,
nis moxatulobaTa ricxvi sa kmaod mokrZa gv. 14-15, 39; r. mefisaSvili, dasavleT saqarTvelos
lebulia, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mTianeTis xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglTa Tavisebureba,
qvemo svaneTSi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli ked g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
institutis XXIX samecniero sesia, muSaobis gegma da
lis mxatvrobis Zalze cota nimuSi Semogvr- moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1993, gv. 8; bolo wleb-
Ca1, romelTa Soris yvelaze mravalricxovani Si, saarqivo masalis gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebeli ga-
swored XIII saukunis ansamblebia, rac, cxadia, xda erTi narkvevis gamoqveyneba: r. mefisaSvili, v.
cincaZe, zemo svaneTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi,
sagrZnoblad zrdis maT mniSvnelobas. saqarTvelos siZveleni, #16, Tb., 2013, gv. 339-349.
XIII saukunis svaneTis mo xa
tulobebze zemo svaneTis eklesiaTa daxasiaTebasa da daTari-
msjelobisas, aucilebladaa gasaTvaliswine RebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. agreTve: r. yenia, n. ala-
daSvili, zemo svaneTi. Sua saukuneebis xelovneba.
beli ramdenime garemo e
ba, saxeldobr: ume saqarTvelos megzuri, Tb., 2000; g. pataSuri, zemo
tes SemTxvevaSi isini sakmaod adreuli xanis, svaneTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis tipologia,
ZiriTadad, X-XI saukuneebSi agebul eklesiebs levan rCeuliSvili 100. samecniero konferenciis
masalebi, Tb., 2009, gv. 43-55; m. yenia, mamis (Tekalis)
amkobs2 (ga monak
lisi TanRilisa da wvirmis
macxovris eklesia qvemo svaneTSi, saqarTvelos siZ-
1
XIII s-is moxatulobaTa garda, esaa ukiduresad frag- veleni, #17, 2014, gv. 218-243.
mentirebuli XII s-is muCfa lanSaSis, ramdenime qro- 3
qveda fenis mcire fragmenti tvibis eklesiis konq-
nologiuri fenis momcveli (XV-XVI; araerTgzis ga- Sic garCeva, magram eklesiis interieris sxva nawile-
daweril-restavrirebuli XVIII-XIX ss-Si) saydris, XVII bSi igi arsad Cans. am fragmentis mixedviT qveda fenis
s-is Cukulisa da oqon dabiSis ferweruli ansamblebi. daTariReba SeuZlebelia da verc imis Tqma SeiZle-
2
rogor cnobilia, zemo da, gansakuTrebiT, qvemo ba, iyo Tu ara eklesia mTlianad moxatuli XIII s-mde.
svaneTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba jerac ar aris 4
amJamad gairCeva konqSi, vedrebis macxovris saxis
saTanadod Seswavlili. samwuxarod, r. mefisaSvi- fragmenti, macxovris amaRleba afsidis Sublze da
lis mier zemo svaneTis ek lesiaTa mravalwliani wm. mowame dedaTa ekaterinesa da barbares figurebi
kvlevis Sedegebi faqtobrivad gamouqveynebelia da mis qvemoT; kamaris kompoziciebidan SerCenilia mxo
kvlavac mis pirad arqivSi inaxeba. sadReisod, mxo- lod angelozTa dasis Saravandebi CrdiloeTi fer-
lod ramdenime sesiaze wakiTxuli moxsenebebis Te- dis aRmosavleT nawilSi.
marine yenia
69
vidre uSualod moxatulobaTa analizze robis ikonografiuli sqemis Tavisebureba, macne, #3,
1975, gv. 46-54; misive, Sua saukuneebis svaneTis ked-
gadaval, isic unda iTqvas, rom XIII saukunis lis mxatvrobisa da xatweris urTierTobisaTvis, sab-
svaneTis moxatulobani, arsebiTad, jerac WoTa xelovneba, #1, 1977, gv. 79-85; misive, Некоторые
ar gamx da
ra sa
gangebo Seswavlis sagani da особенности образа архангелов в средневековой живописи
Сванетии, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili II saer-
maT Sesaxeb arc ise mdidari literatura
TaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1977.
moipoveba. XIX-XX saukunis dasawyisis siZve- 9
T. Velmans, L’église de Khé en Géorgie, Зограф, #10, 1979,
leebis moyvarulTa eqspediciebis masalaTa5 gv. 71-82.
garda, mniSvnelovania, am TvalsazrisiT, n. 10
Т. Шевякова, Монументальная живопись раннего средне
aladaSvilis, g. a li
begaSvilisa da a. vol- вековья Грузии, Тб., 1983.
skaÁas monografia svanuri ferweruli sko- 11
Н. Аладашвили, Композиции алтарной конхи в церквах
Сванетии, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV sa-
lis Sesaxeb6, TanRilis eklesiis moxatulo
erTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1983.
bisadmi miZRvnili n. aladaSvilis werilebi7, 12
T. Velmans, L’image de la Déisis dans les églises de Géorgie
et dans celles d’autres regions du monde byzantin, Cahiers
5
Поездка в Шавшию, Хевсуретию и Сванетию графи-
Archéologiques, #29, 1980/1981, gv. 47-102.
ни Уваровой, МАК Х, М., 1904, gv. 62; eq. TayaiSvili,
arqeologiuri mogzauroba leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 r. yenia, n. aladaSvili, zemo svaneTi. Sua saukunee
13
wels, parizi, 1937; igive, xelmeored gamocemuli, bis xelovneba. saqarTvelos megzuri, Tb., 2000.
emigrantuli literatura, dabruneba, t. 2, Tb., 1991, Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой
14
ciebi qvemo svaneTis XIII saukunis moxatulo Teba mosaxati arqiteqturisadmi sakmaod
bebsa17 da Jibianis XIII saukunis mxat vrobis tradiciulia. ramde nime registrad ganawi
Taobaze .18
lebuli scenebi arqiteqturiT mkafiod `da
Cemi msjeloba Jibianis moxatulobis sazRvrul~ monakveTebSi Tavsdeba _ konqis
ganxilviT minda daviwyo, radgan, Cemis fiq kompozicia mTlianad avsebs konqs da odnav
riT, igi sakmaod mravlismTqmelia CvenTvis sakurTxevlis kedelzec Camodis, xolo meo-
saintereso sakiTxebis gasarkvevad. re registri mTlianad afsidis kedlis far-
Jibianis lamarias eklesia svaneTisTvis glebSi rCeba. darbazSi, rogorc sCans, sami
tradiciulad, momcro darbazuli ekle- registri iyo (amJamad mesame registri daRu
siaa, samwaxnaga, Sverili, TaRnariani afsid- pulia). pirveli registri kamaris farglebSia
iTa da garSemosav leliT samxreTsa da da moqceuli da sabjeni TaRiT gamoyofil TiTo
savleT mxares. interieris arqiteqturuli monakveTze TiTo sce naa warmod
genili, xo
gafor mebis Ta visebureba isaa, rom kamaris lo danarCeni re gistrebi kedlebis arqite-
or nawilad damanawevrebeli sa b
jeni TaRi qturulad daunawevrebel sibrtyeze gamois-
ara pilÁastrebs, aramed Sekidul konsolebs axeba. afsidsa da darbazSi registrebi kibi
eyrdnoba, anu grZiv kedlebze erTiani, glu- seburi ornamentis sakmaod mozrdili hori-
vi zedapirebia, romelTa mTlianobas arc zontaluri zolebiT gamoiyofa, xolo grZiv
Riobebi arR vevs; isini sa
kurTxevelsa da kedlebze gverdi-gverd ganTavsebul scenebs
dasavleT kedelSia mowyobili (erTi sarkme Soris vertikaluri gamyofebi arsadaa gav-
li afsidis kedelSi; erTi sarkmeli da erTi lebuli (sur. 1). Sesabamisad, mxatvari kmay-
kari dasavleT kedelSi)19. ofildeba eklesiis, ase vTq vaT, `bunebrivi
Jibianis XIII saukunis moxatulobis prog arqiteqtonikiT~, mihyveba interieris arqi
teqturuli ga da
wyvetis Taviseburebebs da,
70
ra
ma sakmaod vrcelia _ ved reba (afsidis
arsebiTad, damatebiT aRar anawevrebs mosaxat
konqi), wm. eklesiis mamaTa rigi (afsidis ke
ze
dapirs. mniSvnelo vania, rom registrebis
deli), sauflo dResaswa ulTagan xareba da
gamomyofi ornamentuli horizontalebi ase
feriscvaleba (kamaris Crd. ferdi), Soba
ve SeTanadebulia arqiteqturas da ferweru
da amaRleba (kamaris samx. fe rdi), laza-
li dekori arsad bRalavs arqiteqturuli
res aRdgi neba (das. kedlis zeda registri),
formis `damoukideblobas~, uf ro metic,
jvarcma da miZineba (Crd. kedlis registri),
isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ferweruli deko-
ierusalemad Sesvla da jojoxeTis warmo-
ri arqiteqturulad mniSvnelovani elemen
tyvevna (samx. kedlis registri), wm. mxedarni
tebis gamoyofa-diferencirebas emsaxureba _
(das. kedlis Sua registri), wm. mku rnalni
satriumfo Tu sabjeni TaRebis Sida da gare
(das. sarkmlis wirTxlebi).
pirze, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis wir TxlebSi,
mxa
tvrobis ansamblis age bisas, Jibianis
aseve Se ki
duli konsolebis gare pirze,
eklesiis meored momxatveli ostatis mimar
gansxvavebulmotivebiani da gansxvavebuli
17
m. yenia, XIII s-is moxatulobani qvemo svaneTSi, g. masStabis ornamentia gamoyenebuli20.
CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis mxatvrobis sistemis agebis es principi
institutis XXXIII samecniero sesia, miZRvnili
garkveul siaxloves amJRavnebs ara marto Jib-
gaiane elibegaSvilis xsovnisadmi, sesiis masalebi,
Tb., 1999, gv. 18-20. ianis Tavdapirvel moxatulo bas
Tan, aramed
18
m. yenia, Jibianis XIII saukunis moxatulobis Tavise- zogadad, X-XI s-is dasawyisis svaneTis mox-
burebisTvis, qarTuli xelovnebis narkvevebi, V, Tb., atulobebTan, romelTac aSkara individua
2008, gv. 29-35. XIII s-is zemo svaneTis moxatulobaTa
luri mravalgvarobis miuxedavad, mxatvro-
zogadi daxasiaTebisa da foto masalisTvis ix. ag-
reTve: misive, zemo svaneTi. Suasaukunovani kedlid 20
satriumfo TaRze _ kibiseburi ornamenti; sabjeni
mxatvroba, Tb., 2010. TaRis Sida pirze _ muxlis foTlis ornamenti, gare
19
eklesiaSi Zveli qvis kankelia SemorCenili, rom- pirze _ stilizebuli ylorti; konsolebze _ muxis
lis ferwerul dekorSi igive qronologiuri fenebi foTlis ornamenti; afsidis sarkmlis wirTxlebSi _
Cans, rac sakurTxevel-darbazSi. rombebSi Cawerili jvrebis `bade~.
marine yenia
71
Camogdebis saSualebas iZleva. esaa mag., yva aZlierebs isic, rom mTels darbazSi regis
vilisebri saxeebiT `daCiTva~, romelic Cans trebis er Tiani donea daculi. marTalia,
vedrebasa da lazares aRd ginebaSi fo nze kamaris re gistrTan SedarebiT, konqis kom
da ucilobel asociacias iwvevs acisa Tu poziciis done Camoweulia, magram es konqis
ifxis mxatv robis an tvibis mxatvrobis er- kompoziciis sagangebo gamoyofis imdenad
Tianad `daCiTul~ fonebTan; sainteresoa, tradiciuli xerxia, rom, albaT, uxerxulic
rom Tuki adreul, acisa da ifxis, moxatu- kia amaze zedmetad yuradRebis gamaxvile-
lobebSi fonebze `rozetebia~ mimobneuli, ba. aseve savsebiT tradiciulia konqis kom-
XIII s-is Jibianisa da tvibis moxatulobebSi poziciis dominanturi mniSvneloba mTels
fonebis `daCiTva~ zustad er Tnairi, marti- ansamblSi, xolo TviT am kompoziciaSi, macx-
vi, wertilebisgan Sedgenili `yvavilebiT~ ovris centraluri figuris gansakuTrebu
xdeba (sur. 2, 4). JibianSi, fo nebis garda, li aqcentireba.
aseTive `daCiTva~ Cans RmrTismSoblis samo- monumentur-arqiteqtonikuri sistemis
sze vedrebasa da xarebaSi da macxovris man- Seqmnis survilze metyvelebs agreTve erT-
dorlaze vedrebasa da feriscvalebaSi. fo- maneTis mopirdapire mxare ebis sa
erTo kom
nis, samosisa Tu mandorlis `daCiTvasTan~ poziciuri gadawyvetis, garkveulwilad,
erTad, mTels moxatulobaSi Saravandebis urTierT Sewyoba-SeTanadebis mcdelobac.
`momargali teba~ aseve maarqaizebel niSnad yvelaze mka fiod es kamaris dasavleTi mo-
SeiZleba CaiTvalos da upi r
veles yovlisa, nakveTis gadawyvetaSi Cans (sur. 1). rogorc
Jibianisve Tavdapirvel moxatulobas gagvax- Crdi loeT ise samxreT ferdebze aq erTi
21
detalurad adreuli xanis svaneTis moxatuloba- principiT agebuli kompoziciebia ganTav
Ta sistemis agebis TaviseburebebisTvis, ix.: m. ye- sebuli (feriscvaleba da amaRleba) _ centr-
nia, mxatvrobis saerTo sistemis gadawyvetis Tavi- Si mandorliT gamoyofili macxovaria TiTo
seburebani adreuli xanis svaneTis moxatulobebSi,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, #12, 2008, gv. 128-151. figuriT mis or sav mxares, anu, gamoiyofa
marine yenia
centraluri jgufi, romelic mosaxati aris leT monakveTSi gamosaxul scenebs ufro
ZiriTad na wils ikavebs, xolo kompoziciis didi areebi eTmoba, xolo dasav leT mo-
qve
da nawi l
Si sam figuriani jgufia. amas nakveTSi _ ufro mo mcro. scenebis amgvari
Tanave, saerTo centraluri RerZi mkafiodaa ganlagebis gamo, mosaxati are or uTanabro
xa
zgasmuli kompoziciis ro gorc zeda, ise monakveTad iyofa, Tumca scenebs Soris mx-
qveda nawilSi. cxadia, zust simetriulobaze olod warmosaxviT Tu gaatareb gamyof
saubari aq ar SeiZleba, radgan kompozicieb- zRvars da igi acdenilia kamaris Tanabar naw-
is ze da da qveda nawilebSi figuraTa po- ilebad gamyofi sabjeni Ta Ris `vertikals~
zebic da zomac zustad ar emTxveva erT (damatebiT, konsoliTac `gamyarebuls~), e.i.
maneTs; aq ufro zogadi SeTanadeba-Sewyoba Cndeba raRac Zvra ZiriTadi damanawevrebeli
Tu SeiZleba aRiniSnos. kamaris aRmosavleT RerZis mimarT, met-naklebad SeTanadebuli
monakveTSi aseTi mkafio igiveoba ar Cans, simw
yobre irRveva, miuxedavad imisa, rom es
radgan Tu CrdiloeTiT (xareba) ori msxvili Zvra ar aris, ase vTqvaT, materia lizebul-
figuris urTierTmimarTeba gansazRvravs sa fiqsirebuli _ realuri vertikaluri gamy-
erTo STabeWdilebas, samxreTiT mas sakmaod ofi zoli xom CamoSve buli ar aris da pir-
mravalfiguriani scena (Soba) epasuxeba. da veli SexedviT, es monakveTebi erTiani daun-
mainc, am SemTxvevaSic, raRac SeTanadebis awevrebeli sibrtyis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
danaxva SesaZlebelia _ esaa RmrTismSoblis kamarisa da kedlis registrebis amgvari
figuris wamyvani roli kompoziciebSi, mi si gadawyvetis gamo rTulia darbazSi erTi mx-
sa
gangebo gamoyofa zomiT, misi met-nakle- aris (anu, kamara-kedeli mTlianad) saerTo
bad mimsgavsebuli poza (xarebaSi igi maRal kompoziciaSi er Ti
ani RerZebis gamokveTa,
zurgian saydarze zis, SobaSic igi, faqti- vinaidan calkeul scenaTa kompoziciuri wyo-
urad, mjdomared gamo isaxeba; anu, orive ba sa
k
maod gansxvavebulia. marTalia, dasav-
72
SemTxvevaSi, es mZlavri vertikalia saerTo leT naxevarSi, TiTqos, ufro Cans ra Rac
kompoziciaSi); aseve met-naklebad mimsgavse- erTgvarovneba, radgan kamarazec da kedleb-
bulia am centraluri figuris mdebare o zec am mxares centrire bu
li kompoziciebia,
bac _ orive SemTxvevaSi, igi ara centrSia magram imis gamo, rom TviT scenebisTvis daT-
moTavsebuli, aramed kompoziciis kidiskenaa mobili areebi zomiT ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs,
gadaweuli (xarebaSi _ aRmosavleTiT, SobaSi scenaTa centraluri figurebis mdebareobiT
_ dasavleTiT). xazgasmuli, ideur-kompoziciuri centrebic
aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki erTma neTis kamarasa da kedelze acdenilia urTierTs.
mopirdapire mxares aSka raa saerTo kompo- es acdena uf ro TvalsaCinod aRmosavleT
ziciis erTgvarad Sewyobis cda, TviT erTi naxevarSi SeigrZnoba, radgan aq kompo zi
sivrciTi monakveTis farglebSi, e.i. kamaris ciebi centrirebuli ar aris da scenaTa cen
aRmosavleT da dasavleT monakveTebze, sak- traluri figurebi sul sxva dasxva mxaresaa
maod araerTgvarovani wyoba gamodis, raSic, gadaweuli (SobaSi _ marjvena kidisken, xolo
cxadia, SeiZleba davinaxoT axali, dinami mis qvemoT moTavsebul ierusalemad Sesvla-
kur-dekora tiuli stilis niSnebis SeRwe- Si _ sapirispi ro mxares, marcxena kidisken;
va jer kidev monumentur-arqiteqtonikuri xarebaSi _ marjvena kidisken, xolo mis qve
principebiT gamarTul sistemaSi. viT, miZinebaSi _ centrisken).
es Tviseba grZivi kedlebis gadawyveta- am fonze kidev ufro damaxasiaTebe-
Sic iCens Tavs (sur. 1). marTalia, mxatvrobis lia dasavleTi kedlis gadawyveta, romlis
Zlieri dazianebis gamo, Znelia risame dabe saerTo kompozicia, faqtiurad, Riobebis
jiTebiT mtkiceba, mag ram savsebiT naTelia, orsav mxares ganawile bul calkeul figu-
rom aq, meore registrSi, rogorc CrdiloeT, raTa monacvleobiT igeba; Tumca, aqac zust
iseve samxreT mxares, erTmaneTisgan sagange- simetriu lobas ostati ar icavs. Tuki zeda
bo vertika luri zoliT gaumijnavi or-ori registrSi ganTavsebul lazares aRdgi
scena Tavsdeba. amasTan, kedlebis aRmosav nebaSi, sarkmlis marjvniv mxolod ori fig-
marine yenia
uraa (lazare da msaxuri), sarkmlis marcxniv, (kamaris samxreTi ferdi), lazares aRdgine-
samfiguriani jgufia (macxovari da ori mo- ba (dasavleTi kedlis zeda registri), wm.
ciquli). aqve davZ en, rom am scenaSi yvelaze mxedrebi (CrdiloeTi da samxreTi kedle-
mkafiod Cans kidev erTi Taviseburi miqceva bi), wm. dedani (samxreTi kedeli), wm. mTava-
winare saukuneTa midgomisadmi _ vgulisxmob, rangelozi gabriel (dasavleTi karis Tavze)
figurebis wamZRol rols kompoziciebSi, da qtitorTa portretebi (liparit ivaCiani
romelic zogadad niSneulia mTeli am moxat- da kvirike asrjiani [dasavleTi kedeli], io-
ulobisTvis. ze da registrSi dasaxul Zvras ane beri da kidev erTi ucnobi qtitori [Cr-
mosaxati sibrtyis damanawevrebeli, Riobe diloeTi kedeli]) (sur. 2-5). muwdis moxatu-
bis gan lagebiT aqcentirebuli centraluri lobis programa SedarebiT ufro vrcelia _
RerZis mimarT kidev ufro aaq ti
urebs qve vedreba-xilva (afsidis konqi), wm. eklesiis
da registrSi, wm. mxedarTa figurebs Soris mamaTa da wm. diakvnis rigi (afsidis kedeli),
CamoSvebuli mozrdili ornamentuli zoli loroniani wm. mTavarangelozni (CrdiloeTi
_ erTaderTi vertikaluri gamyofi mTels da samxreTi kedlebi), aTormet dResas-
ansamb lSi. da yvelaze sagulisxmo aq isaa, waulTa ciklidan xareba da feriscvaleba
rom es zoli, romelic sarkmelsa da kars So (kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdi), Soba da mirqma
ris monakveTs avsebs, sarkmlis cenridan ki (kamaris samxreTi ferdi), naTlisReba (dasav-
ar eSveba, aramed misi samxreTi kidiskenaa leTi kedlis zeda registri), ierusalemad
gadaweuli, rac gansazRvravs mTeli am ked-
Sesvla (samxreTi kedeli), jojoxeTis war-
lis saerTo kompozi ciis erTgvar uTanabro
motyvevna (CrdiloeTi kedeli), wm. meomarTa
`amoZravebas~. zemoxsenebulis garda, mxatv
rigi (dasavleTi kedeli) (sur. 6-9).
robis ansamblSi garkveuli `dinamikis~ Semom-
tvibSic da muwdSic mxatvroba or reg-
tania agreTve afsidis kedlis registrSi, wm.
istradaa ganawilebuli _ pirveli registri
73
eklesiis mamaTa TaRebSi gamosaxvac (sur. 1).
kamaris farglebSia moqceuli22, xolo meore
amdenad, Jibianis XIII saukunis mxatvro-
registri _ kedlebze; amasTan, kamaris TiTo
bis sistemis agebis Tavisebure ba
Ta analizi
monakveTze TiTo scenaa ganTavsebuli, e.i. am
saSualebas maZlevs davaskvna, rom aq miuxe-
SemTxvevaSi ostatebi interieris pirveladi
davad aSkara mcde lobisa, misdios monumen-
tur-arqiteqtonikuri stilis principebs, arqiteqturuli danawevrebiT kmayofildebi-
mxatvari, rogorc sakuTari epoqis Svili, an, xolo grZiv kedlebsa da dasavleT kedels
yovelTvis Tanmimdevruli araa am survilis or-or monakveTad anawevreben registrebis
ganxorcielebisas da drois niSnebic sakmaod gamyofi xazebisa Tu ornamen tuli zoleb-
TvalsaCinod Cans. is meSveobiT. registrTa do ne
ebi darbazSi
msgavsi midgoma amave epoqis sxva svanur zustad emTxveva erTmaneTs, rac xels uwyobs
moxatulobebSic dasturdeba. upirveles yo- mxatvrobis sa erTo sistemis mkafio, naTel
vlisa, albaT, upriani iqneba Sedareba tvibisa organizebas. sagangebod unda SevCerde orna-
da muwdis moxatulobebTan, radgan am SemTx- mentis rolze sistemis gadawyvetaSi.
vevaSi ek lesiaTa interieris arqiteqturu tvibSi kibiseburi ornamentis farTo
li gadawyveta Jibianis iden tu
ria da aqac zolebi gamohyofs registrebs, qvemodan aCar-
taZarTa moxatva maTi agebidan, daaxloebiT, Coebs konqis kompozicias, gamohyofs afsidis
ori saukunis dagvianebiT moxda. TaRs, sabjeni TaRis konsols (bunebrivia da-
Jibianisgan gansxvavebiT, tvibSi mox- vuSvaT, rom igi sabjen TaRzec gagrZeldebo-
atulobis programas naklebi raodenobis da), sarkmelTa wirTxlebs. da aq yuradRebas
xatebani qmnis: vedreba (afsidis konqi), wm. iqcevs erTi ram _ konqis kompoziciis qvemoT
eklesiis mamani da wm. diakvanni (afsidis gamavali ornamentuli zoli Seuwyvetliv
kedeli), saxarebis scenaTagan xareba da naT- agrZelebs moZraobas sarkmlis wirTxlebSi,
lisReba (kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdi), Soba 22
tvibSi kamaris kompoziciebis qveda nawili odnav
da mTlianad daRupuli kidev erTi scena scdeba kamaris quslis dones.
marine yenia
darbazis sivrceSi da massa da darbazs Soris lelis mqone, darbazuli ek lesiis Sida
cota ufro sxvagvari kavSiri myardeba, vidre sivrce maqsimalurad martivi da sadaa _
es Jibiansa Tu tvibSia, sa dac af sidis ked- darbazSi raimegvar arqiteqturul danawev-
lis re gistrSi ganTavsebuli xatebani afsi- rebas mokle buli erTiani gluvi zedapire-
dis sazRvrebSia `Cake tili~. amaSic, albaT, bia da Riobebic mxolod aRmosavleT (erTi
SeiZleba davinaxoT eklesiis interieris sa
rkmeli) da dasavleT (erTi kari) mxaresaa
axleburi gamTlianebis survili, iqneb axali mowyobili. Sesabamisad, mxat vari Tavisu-
dinamikur-dekoratiuli stilis moT xovnaTa falia, ase vTqvaT, arqiteqturiT Seqmnili
zemoqmedeba sxva mxriv klasikuri arqiteqto obieqturi `dasazRvrulobisgan~.
nikis principebiT gadawyvetil sistemaze. pirveli SexedviT, moxatulobis saerTo
marTlac, mxatvrobis saerTo kompozi- sistemis ageba eklesiis pirvelad arqite-
ciuri ageba muwdSi savsebiT tradiciuli qtonikas misdevs: pirveli registris momcve-
Cans _ rogorc ukve iTqva, darbazSi daculia li, sakmao raodenobis saxarebiseuli scen-
registrebis horizontalis erTiani done; ebi kamaraze Tavsdeba _ xareba, Soba, mirqma
tradiciulia ornamentis rolic sistemis (samxreTi ferdi), feriscvaleba, ierusale-
organizebaSi _ kamaris centrze gamavali mad Sesvla, jvarcma (CrdiloeTi ferdi)24 _
farTo ornamentuli zoli mkafiod gamijnavs xolo kedlebis ZiriTad nawilze meore reg-
erTmaneTisgan kamaris scenebs; ornamentuli istris gamosaxulebebi _ wm. ioane oqropiri
zoli miuyveba sabjeni TaRisa da dasavleTi da sami wm. meomari (samxreTi kedeli), mTa
kedlis TaRis Sida pirsac; konsoli calkea varangelozTa kreba da wm. meomari (Crdi
gamoyofili _ igi gansxvavebuli feriTaa loeTi kedeli), wm. ekaterine da wm. barbare
daferili da wina pirze ramdenime wvrili (dasavleTi kedeli) _ nawildeba (sur. 10).
TeTri Strixia dadebuli, e. i. mas damoukide- registrebs erTmaneTisgan mkafiod gamijnavs
75
beli ferweruli dekori aqvs, sabjeni TaRis kibiseburi ornamentis viwro zoli. amasTan,
mamkobi ornamenti masze ar gadmodis, anu, niSandoblivia, rom Tu registrebis ganawi
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqva, arqiteqturuli leba sakmaod tradiciulia, TviT registre-
formis TavisTavadoba ar `ibRaleba~ ferw- bis SigniT mosaxati aris danawevreba sakmaod
eruli dekoriT. Tumca, moxatulobis agebis intensiuri da, amasTan, uTanabroa.
zemoganxiluli Taviseburebani, kerZod, gr- kamaris TiToeul ferdze sami scenis
Zivi kedlebis danawevreba, sakurTxevlisa da gansaTavseblad sami monakveTia gamoyofili,
darbazis Secvlili urTierTmimarTeba, gar- romelTa Soris mkafio zRvars kibisebu ri
da amisa, erTmaneTis mopirdapire sivrciTi ornamentisve vertikaluri zolebi moniSnavs.
monakve Te
bis naklebad erTmaneTs misadage maTi wyalobiT kidev uf ro gamokveTilia
buli gadawyvetac _ kamara-kedlebis saerTo scenebisTvis daTmobil areTa gansxvavebuli
kompoziciaSi erTiani vertikaluri RerZebis zoma _ ufro momcro monakveTebi aRmosav-
ararseboba Tu erTmane Tis mopirdapire mx- leTsa da dasavleTiT da ufro mozrdili
ares ganTavsebul scenaTa urTierT gansxvave centrSi _ da mTeli am nawilis danawevrebis
buli kompoziciuri wyoba _ naTlad metyve araTanabarzomieri, TiTqos `wyvetili~ rit-
lebs Zveli klasikuri sistemis wiaRSi axali mi (sur. 12-13).
dinamikur-dekoratiuli stilis elementebis am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs
SedarebiT ufro Zlier SeRwevaze, ase vTq- grZivi kedlebis gadawyveta, sa dac mosaxa-
vaT, Zveli `fu Ze-karkasis~ axali `sxe uliT ti zedapiris danawevreba, TiTqos, kidev
Semosvaze~ (sur. 6-9). ufro garTulebulia. kedelze ori ZiriTa-
am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa 24
scenebis ganawilebis principi, romelic saxarebi-
wvirmis Taringzel-zagaris eklesiis moxa seuli Txrobis istoriuli rigis midevnebas efuZne-
tuloba. am mcire, brtyelsakurTxevli ani, ba, mafiqrebinebs, rom dasavleTi kedlis I registr-
ze naTlisReba iqneboda gamosaxuli. amJamad ferwe-
sakmaod ganviTarebuli sammxrivi garSemosav ruli fena aq mTlianad daRupulia.
marine yenia
di monakveTi gamoiyofa _ momcro, sagange- urebi kedlebze (rasac TiTo `xatic~ emateba
bo moCarCoe bis mqone, `xatiseburi~, aRmo grZiv kedlebze) _ da, Sesabamisad, erTmaneT-
savleTiT (wm. ek lesiis mamaTa sakurTxev- is mopirdapire sivrciTi monakveTebis urTi-
lisken 3/4-iT mimarTuli naxevarfigurebi) erTSesabamisi gadawyvetis amokiTxva, magram
da umetesi nawilis momcveli danarCeni are. radgan samive kedelze TaRebis sigane erT-
es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, damate biT naw- maneTisgan gansxvavdeba, xo lo kamarasa da
evrdeba ukve ferweriT miniS nebuli (anu, grZiv kedlebze registrebis SigniT xatebaTa
daxatuli) arqiteqturuli ele mentebiT _ gamyofi vertikalebi ar Tanxvdeba urTierTs,
viwro `pilÁastrebze~ dabjenili sam-sami mTels ansambls erTgvari `kontrapunq tul-
TaRiT, ro mlebSic frontaluri figurebia pulsirebuli~ ritmi ganmsWvalavs da mxat-
Cawerili; TiTo aseTive TaRi (aseve fronta- vrobis saerTo sistemac uf ro metad `amoZ-
luri figurebiT) dasavleTi kedlis qveda ravebulis~ STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre aqa-
registrSic, karis orsav mxaresaa, gamosaxu mde ganxilul moxatulobebSi (sur. 12-14).
li. Sesabamisad, zemoTganxilul moxatulo- ufro metad axali stilis elementeb-
baTa (Jibiani, tvibi) Semqmnelebis msgavsad, is momZlavreba mamis eklesiis moxatulobis
wvirmis ostatic xatavs arqiteqturas, ufro saerTo kompoziciur gadawyvetaSi Cans. Ta-
swored, qmnis mosaxati zedapiris damanaw- visi arqiteqturu li ga formebiT, savarau-
evrebeli, fizikurad ararsebuli arqite- dod, X-XI saukuneTa mijnaze agebuli, fasa-
qturuli elementebis vizualur `gansax- debze dekoratiuli TaRnariT gamSvenebuli,
ierebas~ da, TiTqos, amSveneb-`amdidrebs~ mamis eklesiis in terieri mravalsafexu ro
realurad arafriT gamorCeul, uRimRamo vani sabjeni Tu kedlis TaRebiTa da mZlavri,
interiers (sur. 12-14). mravalsafexurovanive pilÁastrebiT, zemo-
mTeli qveda registris erTianad `TaR- ganxiluli eklesiebisgan gansaxvave biT, Tu
76
77
registris done ka maris Crdi loeTi ferdis
Txveva erTmaneTs (samxreTi kedlis aRmosav-
kom
poziciebisas emTxveva, xolo meore reg-
leT TaRSi erTi kompoziciaa ganTavsebuli,
istris done aweulia samxreT kedelze amave
xolo dasavleT TaRSi, erTmaneTisgan regis-
registrTan SedarebiT (sur. 16-18).
tris xaziT gamijnuli ori scena) (sur. 16);
amasTan, erTi kedlis fargleb Si ked-
samwuxarod, amJamad TiTqmis SeuZlebelia
lis saerTo danawevreba araerTgvarovania
imis gageba, Tu rogori iyo scenebis ganawi-
_ dasavleT kedlis samxreT monakveTSi, me-
leba CrdiloeTi kedlis TaRebsa da kedlis
ore da mesame re gist
ris scenebi mkafiodaa
qveda nawilSi, radgan am mxares mxatvroba,
gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan registris xaziT,
arsebiTad, mxolod kamarazea SemorCenili.
xolo CrdiloeT monakveTSi registrebis
jvarcmis mcire fragmentebi, romelic ked-
gamyofi xazi ar aris (sur. 18). imavdroulad,
lis aRmosavleT nawilSi gairCeva, saSualebas
figurebi advilad kveTs registris xazebs
iZleva davaskvnaT, rom kompoziciis ZiriTadi
birTvi kedlis TaRSi iyo Cawerili, xolo mf- (mirqma, wm. Tevdo re), Tavisuflad iW re
ba
rinval mWmunvare angelozTa figurebi kama- sxva scenis fa rglebSi (mirqma, jojoxeTis
ris quslsa da TaRs Soris monakveTze nawil- warmotyvevna). niSandoblivia isic, rom Tuki
deboda (sur. 17). Sesabamisad, Tuki samxreT pilÁastrebsa da TaRebis safexurebs osta-
kedelze, aRmosavleT TaRSi moqceuli scena ti sagangebod gamohyofs ferweruli deko-
mTlianad TaRiT mofarglul areSia moqceu- riT, kapiteli, rogorc damoukidebeli ar-
qiteqturuli forma, misTvis ar arsebobs,
27
pilÁastrebis wina pirsa da sabjeni TaRis Sida
igi erTianad `inTqmeba~ ornamentis uwyvet
pirze _ marwuxisebri; sabjeni TaRis gverdiT wax-
nagebze _ kibiseburi ornamenti; sabjeni TaRis dan- mdinarebaSi. yovelive es ki naTlad metyve-
arCen or safexursa da kedlis TaRebis pilÁastrTa lebs axali, dekoratiul-dinamikuri stilis
safexurebze _ stilizebuli ylorti (feradovnad
elementebis aqtiur SeRwevaze monumen tur-
gansxvavebuli erTmaneTisgan da motivis mxrivac
araidenturi). arqiteqtonikuri sistemis wiaRSi, rac kidev
marine yenia
ufro mZlavrad vlindeba sa kurTxevlis sa viwro pilÁastrebze damyarebuli sabjeni
erTo kompoziciur gadawyvetaSi. TaRi kamarasa da grZiv ked lebs or uTana-
Tuki darbazSi mosaxati aris danawevre- bro nawilad hyofs (momcro aRmosavleTiT
ba mainc minimalurad xdeba da ostati, arse- da bevrad ganie ri dasavleTiT), romelTac,
biTad, Tumc ki araTanmimdevrulad, kmarobs damatebiT, kedlis TaRebic anawevrebs.
arqiteqturuli elementebiT erTmaneTisgan oRond, Tuki kedlebis aRmosavleT mo-
bunebrivad gamijnul monakveTebs (kamara, nakveTebSi TiTo TaRia, dasavleTiT, mZlavr
kedlis TaRi, dasavleTi kedlis lÁuneti Se
kidul konsolze dafuZnebuli orTaRe-
da a.S.) scenebis ganawilebisas, sakurTx- dia mowyobili. amdenad, TviT eklesiis Sida
evelSi mosa xati aris danawevreba bevrad sivrce erTgvarad `aqtiur-amoZravebulis~
Zlieria da bevrad uTa nab
roc (sur. 15) _ STabeWdilebas to vebs da Tavisi xasiaTiT,
gra n
diozuli sakonqo kompozicia, romel- TiTqos, `iTxovs~ da `kargadac irgebs~ im
ic aranairad ar eTanadeba darbazis pirveli `mousvenar-dinamikur~ sistemas, romelsac aq
regis tris kompoziciebs da darbazis mTe- momuSve mxatvari agebs.
li simaRlis TiTqmis na xevars ikavebs; mis marTlac, mxatvrobis saerTo kompo-
qvemoT ganlagebuli viwro naxevar-regis- ziciur wyobaze dakvirveba savse biT adas-
tri da sakurTxevlis saerTo kompoziciis turebs amas. moxatulobis Semadgeneli scen-
damasrulebeli mozrdili mesame registri, ebi _ vedreba-xilva (konqi) da wm. eklesiis
romelic zomiT Tu ar sWar bobs, utolde- mamani (afsidis kedeli), aTormet dResas-
ba mainc darbazis mesame registris scenebs. waulTagan xareba da naTlisReba (kamaris
garda amisa, sakurTxevelSi momuSave osta- CrdiloeTi ferdi), Soba da mirqma (kamaris
ti metad Tavisuf lad epy roba arqiteqtu samxreTi ferdi), feriscvaleba (dasavleTi
rul ele mentebsac _ wm. mTavarangelozebi kedlis lÁuneti), jvarcma da amaRleba (Cr-
78
79
naxevar-registria ganTavsebuli; samxreTi
suli~, wm. dedis Saravandi pirdapir ebjineba
kedlis TaRebSi wm. meomarTa TiTo fronta-
sarkmlis kides TiTqos sarkmeli mas Tavze
luri figuraa Cawerili, magram, imis gamo,
adevso. aseve niSandoblivia, rom xarebaSi,
rom kedlis am nawilSi eklesiaSi Sesasvleli
RmrTismSoblis fexsadgami, romelic regis-
meore karia gaWrili, orTaRedis aRmosavleT
trebis gamyof horizontalsaa acdenili da
TaRSi mxolod naxevarfigurisTvis sakmarisi
qveviTken Camococebuli, lamisaa jvarcmis
are rCe ba mxatvars, maSin roca danarCen
mfrinvali angelozis frTas `ejaxeba~. aq
TaRebSi igi sruli taniT warmogvidgens fi
isev mamis moxatuloba SeiZleba gavixsenoT,
gurebs. Sesabamisad, samxreTiT, ara marto
registrebis gamoyofis principia gansxvave- sadac figurebi aseve Tavisuflad arRvevs
buli, aramed TviT registrebis raodenobac scenaTa sazRvrebs. Sesabamisad, ostatisT-
ki ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs (sur. 21). vis arqiteqturuli elementebi ar aRiqmeba
mosaxati aris Sevsebis gansxvavebuli `zRvrad~, misi `samoqmedo arealis~ momniS-
intensivoba da kedlis saer To kompoziciis nav, TavisTavadi mniSvneloba-Rirebulebis
`dinamikuroba~ kidev ufro mkafiod dasav- mqone `mijnad~.
leTi kedlis ga da wyvetaSi iCens Tavs (sur. Woxuldis mxatvrobis sakmao Rirse-
22). zeda registrSi, sarkmlis orsav mxares bebi, mozomil-daxvewili feradovani gama,
ganawilebu li feriscvalebis scenis qveda myari, odnavi `datexvisken~ midrekili xazis
zRvari samxreT da CrdiloeT monakveTebSi garkveuli eqspresiuloba, figuraTa STam-
sagrZnoblad acdenilia urTierTs, meore beWdavi gansulierebuloba da emociuri ga-
registrSi, suliwmidis mofenas, romelic, momsaxveloba TviT ostatis sakmaris dax-
TiTqos, `gaWedilia~ samxreT nawilSi, Cr- elovnebaze metyvelebs da, amdenad, sistemis
diloeT mxares mxolod qtitoris Txeli, imgvari ageba, romelsac igi gvTavazobs,
dagrZelebuli figura epasuxeba, sakmaod aSkarad misi mxatvruli gemovneba-midre-
xalvaTad mdgo mi eklesiiT xelSi, xolo kilebebis da, amavdroulad, epoqis zogadi
marine yenia
kis principebiT gadawyvetil sistemaSi. Tuki essential unity, evidenced by the common, monumen-
Jibianisa da tvibis moxatulobebSi es proce- tal-architectonic approach, which still forms basis for
si sakmaod TavSekavebulad vlindeba, muwdsa the general arrangement of the mural decoration; in-
da wvirmSi igi metadaa gamovlenili, xolo
dividual peculiarities are revealed in the specific ways
mamsa da WoxuldSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
this general principle is maintained in each particular
`sruli ZaliT~ warmoCindeba. cxadia, didia
case and in different extent to which traits of the new
cduneba, moxatulobis sistemis agebis zemo-
dynamic-decorative style are introduced.
ganxilul Taviseburebebze dayrdnobiT, zemo
If in Zhibiani and Tvibi the process is quite `mod-
da qvemo svaneTis XIII saukunis moxatuloba-
est~, in Mutsdi and Tsvirmi it is more `advanced~, gain-
Ta urTierTmimarTebis erTgvari qronolo-
ing `full strength~ in Mami and Chokhuldi. Remark-
giuri rigis dasaxvisa, maTSi dadasturebuli
garkveuli paralelizmis (tvibi _ Jibiani; mu- able is certain parallelism noticeable in the contem-
wdi _ wvirmi; mami _ Woxuldi) axali stilis porary murals of Upper and Lower Svaneti (Zhibiani
damkvidrebis Tanmimdevrul, droSi erTmane- – Tvibi; Tsvirmi – Mutsdi; Chokhuldi – Mami).
Tis momdevno stadiebad interpretirebisa,
magram radgan es moxatulobani jerac ar
aris saTanadod Seswavlil-gaanalizebuli,
xolo maTi met-naklebad myari adgili XIII
saukunis sakmaod vrcel farglebSi jerac
araa gansazRvruli swored gamowvlilviTi
kvlevis safuZvelze, amgvari Sorsmimavali
daskvnebis gamotana naadrevi mgonia. yove-
live amis garkveva kvlavac samomavlo amo-
canad unda darCes.
marine yenia
81
83
fornication and south wall, scheme
16. mami. macxovari. kamaris samxreTi 17. mami. macxovari. kamaris CrdiloeTi
ferdisa da samxreTi kedlis ferdisa da CrdiloeTi kedlis
moxatuloba, sqema moxatuloba, sqema
Mami. The Saviour. Painting of south side Mami. The Saviour. Painting of north side
85
of fornication and south wall, scheme of fornication and north wall, scheme
fornication and north wall, scheme fornication and south wall, scheme
87
raime msgavsi formulirebiT (rogorc wesi, (rogorc erTgan SeniSnavs v. beriZe, CuqurT-
uaryofiTi konotaciiT). kidev ufro adre, ma XIX saukuneSi miCneuli iyo qarTuli ar-
XIX saukuneSi is calke mimarTulebad ar iT- qiteqturis Tvisebad par excellence5).
vleboda da bizantiuri stilis nairsaxeobad d. grimis albomis meSveobiT ruseTis im-
ganixileboda _ iseve, rogorc Tavad Zveli periaSi momuSave arqiteqtorTa farTo wre
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba ganixileboda bi- arsebiTad pirvelad gaecno qarTul da somx-
zantiuris nawilad. ur arqiteqturas. metic, albomi xelisu-
iTvleba, rom qarTuli stili, rogorc 3
am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli stilisagan unda gan-
gaazrebuli mxatvruli mimarTuleba, gaCnda vasxvavoT saeklesio Senobebi, romlebic warmoad-
1880-ian wlebSi2. samoqalaqo arqiteqtur- gens gviani Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis meqanikur
gagrZelebas axal droSi. es arsebiTad inerciuli
isaTvis es marTlac asea, magram saeklesio
procesia, romelsac ar sWirdeba sagangebod Seswav-
arqiteqturaSi qarTuli stili ufro adre, lili misabaZi nimuSebi, is memkvidreobiT miRebul
ukve 1860-ian wlebSi iCens Tavs. misi warmoSo- tradiciul codnasa da unar-Cvevebs efuZneba. bune-
brivi amosavali misTvis qronologiurad uSualod
ba ukavSirdeba Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRv
winamorbedi da geografiulad uaxloesi arqite-
rebis nimuSebisadmi interesis gaCenas, rac qturaa. TbilisSi am process asaxavs orTaWalis wm.
XIX saukunis Suaxanebis publikaciebs mohyva. nikolozis (1846-1854), kukiis wm. nikolozis (1856-
1863), da samebis eklesiebi (gadakeTeba dasrul-
* winmdebare werili momzadda SoTa rusTavelis da 1863 wels) _ aguriT nagebi Senobebi, romlebic
erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli zogadi struqturiTa da calkeuli elementebiT
proeqtis `arqiteqtura da identoba: saeklesio mSe- XVII-XVIII saukuneTa Tbilisur eklesiebs waagavs.
nebloba TbilisSi (1801-1918)~ farglebSi. 4
D. Grimm, Monuments d’architecture byzantine en Géorgie
1
v. beriZe, Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, 1801-1917 et en Arménie, Saint-Pétersbourg, 1859. arsebobs rusule-
wlebi, t. II, Tb., 1963, gv. 83. novani gamocemac: Д. Гримм, Памятники христианской
2
T. gersamia, `qarTuli stili~ Tbilisis arqite- архитектуры в Грузии и Армении, Санкт-Петербург, 1866.
qturaSi XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze, qarTuli 5
v. beriZe, Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, 1801-1917
xelovnebis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 2005, gv. 35-37. wlebi, t. II, gv. 87.
daviT xoStaria
flebis mier rekomendirebuli iyo, rogorc Tbilisis metexi, mRvimevi7, agreTve ovana-
`yvela arqiteqtorisaTvis aucilebeli spe- vanqi somxeTSi8).
cialuri saxelmZRvanelo~6, rac niSnavda, swored am gviandel SenobaTagan erT-er-
rom maT urCevdnen SeeswavlaT da aeTvise- Ti _ kojris kabeni aiRo nimuSad arqiteqtor-
binaT samxreT kavkasiis xuroTmoZRvru- ma evgeni beloim Tbilisis anCisxatis taZris
li memkvidreoba. zogi maTganisaTvis _ maT gadakeTebis proeqtis Sedgenisas 1865 wels.
Soris Tavad d. grimisaTvis _ es memkvidreo- es saeklesio arqiteqturaSi qarTuli stilis
ba STagonebis axal wyarod iqca. danergvis erT-erTi uadresi cdaa9. e. belois
ukve 1860-iani wlebidan arqiteqtorebi CanafiqriT, bazilikis grZivi fasadebi Tana-
d. grimis albomis SeswavliT miRebul cod- bari simaRlis dekoratiuli TaRebis uwyveti
nas praqtikaSic moixmardnen. pirvel rigSi, rigiT unda Semkuliyo, xolo dasavleT fas-
maTi yuradRebis centrSi moeqca nagebobebi adze aseve qarTuli stilis elementebiT
e. w. samTavnuri kompoziciiT _ aRmosavleTi gaformebuli samreklo unda mieSenebinaT.
fasadis mxatvruli gaformebis sistemiT, proeqtSi CvenTvis amjerad gansakuTrebiT
romelic Seqmna samTavisis taZris (1030 weli) saintereso aRmosavleTi fasadia (sur. 3). is
xuroTmoZRvarma. am kompoziciis pirdapiri samTavnur kompozicias eTmoba, magram ram-
mibaZva an Tavisufali variaciebi mis Temaze denime Tavisebureba cxadyofs, rom inspir-
gvxvdeba sxvadasxva arqiteqtorTa Semoq- aciis wyaro kojris kabenia da ara Tavad
medebaSi daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis man- samTavisi10. kabenSi, samTavisisagan gansxvave-
Zilze, 1860-iani wlebidan 1910-ian wlebam- biT, ar aris Sua dekoratiuli TaRi. fasadis
de, amasTan ara mxolod saqarTveloSi da zeda nawils evleba saSualo TaRebis saWeqi
ara mxolod marTlmadidebluri eklesieb- qvebidan amozrdili CarCo, romelic zeda
88
fasadis qveda nawili ZiriTadad misdevs aRar darCa13. Sedegad, fasadis qveda nawili
nimuSs, Tumca, cxadia, aq ar aris kedelSi Se- didad dascilda prototips. proeqti arc am
Wrili niSebi _ maT gasakeTeblad anCisxatis Secvlili saxiT ganxorcielebula _ ekle-
Zveli kedlis gamongreva gaxdeboda saWiro. sias mxolod samreklo miaSenes, fasadebis
saSualo TaRebiT e. beloim fasadis glu- gadamosvaze ki uari Tqves.
vi sibrtye mofargla da, Sesabamisad, fes- qarTuli stili da, kerZod, samTavnuri
tonebzec uari Tqva. ar aris arc zeda rigis kompoziciis mibaZva Zalian male gascda ro-
sarkmlebi ganapira TaRebSi. gverdiT navebs gorc saqarTvelos, ise marTlmadidebluri
e. beloim gaukeTa qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreb- saeklesio mSeneblobis farglebs. ukve 1867
isaTvis ucxo agebulebis karnizebi. wels peterburgeli arqiteqtori baRdasar
kojris kabeni samTavisis XII-XIII sauku- gazirbekovi (Razarbekiani) aproeqtebs surb
neebis mibaZvaTagan erTaderTia, romlis nax- karapetis somxur eklesias nor-naxiCevanSi
azebic d. grimis albomSi moxvda. vfiqrob, (somxebis mier 1779 wels samxreT ruseTSi,
ueWvelia, rom samTavnuri kompoziciis ko- md. donze daarsebul qalaqSi, romelic am-
jruli variantis gamoyenebisas e. beloi d. Jamad qalaq rostovis nawilia). is cota mog-
grimis naxaziT xelmZRvanelobda da Tavad vianebiT, 1875-1881 wlebSi aSenda. eklesiis
aRmosavleTi fasadi (sur. 4) samTavisidan
SenobasTan uSualo Sexeba ar hqonia. pro-
aris gadmoRebuli. mTavari gansxvaveba isaa,
eqtSi gameorebulia am naxazis Tavisebure-
rom surb karapetis eklesia aguriTaa nage-
bebi da maT Soris anazomis uzustobebic.
bi da ara aqvs qvaze kveTili CuqurTma. gar-
magaliTad, jvris aqeT-iqiT ganlagebuli
da amisa, zogierTi dekoratiuli elementi
oTxyura formis Riobebi (maTi moyvaniloba
(magaliTad, TaRebis festonebi) gamotove-
kargad Cans 1880-iani wlebis fotosuraTze11)
bulia, zogic Secvlilia (magaliTad, zemoT-
89
d. grimma Tavis naxazSi wriulad aqcia. es
naxsenebi oTxyura jvrebi gluv msxlisebr
forma Cans e. belois proeqtSic, oRond
motivadaa qceuli).
sarkmlebi aq saerTod gauqmebulia da maT
surb karapetis eklesiaSic TvalnaTliv
nacvlad oTxyurebSi pawia dekoratiuli
Cans, rom arqiteqtori samTaviss d. grimis
wreebia Casmuli12.
albomis meSveobiT icnobda. SeiZleba aRvniS-
muSaobis procesSi e. beloim proeqtSi
noT ramdenime detali, romlebic surb kar-
cvlilebebi Seitana (naxazze isini Savi mel-
apets `namdvili~ samTavisisagan ganasxvavebs
niT aris datanili) _ gaafarTova ganapira da d. grimis naxazs amsgavsebs _ didi jvris
dekoratiuli TaRebi da fasads moacila damoklebul-gamsxvilebuli mklavebi, maRa-
iribi kvadratebi, vinaidan maTTvis adgili li, TiTqos ormagi karnizebi fasadis gver-
11
XIX saukuneSi kojris kabenis eklesiis gumbaTi diT nawilebze, am karnizebis rkaliseburi
da kamarebi ukve Cangreuli iyo, magram aRmosavle- Sezneqva dakidul TaRebTan SeerTebis adgi-
Ti fasadi TiTqmis srulad iyo SemorCenili, akl- las da sxva. albaT d. grimis naxaziT xelmZ-
da mxolod karnizisa da frontonis kexis qvebi. ase
Rvanelobis Sedegia surb karapetis fasadis
aqvs eklesia naCvenebi d. grims. asea aRbeWdili is
Zvel fotosuraTzec (ix., magaliTad: Р. Шмерлинг, zogadi proporciebic _ ufro damjdari da
В. Долидзе, Т. Барнавели, Окрестности Тбилиси, Тб., 1960, siganeSi gasuli, vidre samTavisisa14.
tab. 22). 1900-ian wlebSi eklesia mTlianad daangries
rusma berebma (iqve, gv. 73). 13
m. liluaSvili, `qarTuli stilis~ ucnobi nimuSi _
12
kojris kabenis aRmosavleTi fasadi daxatuli saburTalos wm. giorgis eklesia, saqarTvelos siZ-
aqvs grigori gagarinsac (Le Caucase pittoresque, dessiné veleni, 18, 2015, gv. 279.
d’après nature par le prince Grégoire Gagarine, avec une intro- 14
a. Razarianma pirvelma aRniSna, rom nor-naxiWev-
duction et un texte explicatif par le comte Ernest Stackelberg, anis surb karapetis aRmosavleTi fasadi samTavisi-
Paris, 1847, tab. XXII). misi albomi d. grimisaze adre danaa gadmoRebuli. manve SeniSna is detalebi, rom-
gamoica da Sesabamisad, e. belois SeeZlo misi na- lebic mowmobs, rom b. gazirbekovi d. grimis naxaziT
xatiTac esargebla, Tumca anCisxatis gadakeTebis sargeblobda (А. Казарян, Церковь Сурб-Карапет в Нор-
proeqti met msgavsebas amJRavnebs d. grimis naxaz- Нахичеване. В поисках национального стиля, Архитектура,
Tan, vidre gr. gagarinis naxatTan. строительство, №5-6 (39-40), 2009, gv. 60-66).
daviT xoStaria
magram mTlianad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirec gamoyvanilia lekaluri aguriT, orive
samTavisis adrindel (1860-80-iani wlebis) Zalian wvrilia da uZarRvo. sapiredan qve-
mimbaZvelebs Soris b. gazirbekovma yvelaze moT CamoSvebuli aseTive lekaluri aguris
metad uerTgula prototips. garda imisa, lilvi kuTxiT dayenebuli erTi (!) kvadratis
rom sxvebze zustad hbaZavs samTavisis aR- wveros ebjineba. mis SigniT Cawerilia meore
mosavleT fasads, surb karapetis arqite- kvadrati, romlis centri reliefuri lar-
qtori imeorebs mis grZiv fasadebsac. d. nakiT aris aRniSnuli15.
grimis albomSi, aRmosavleTTan erTad mot- cnobilia, rom wm. barbares eklesia
anilia samTavisis CrdiloeTi fasadis naxaz- dekanoz iakob da mRvdel Teofane Cijava-
ic. is sworad gviCvenebs safasado dekoris Zeebis iniciativiT aSenda, magram misi pro-
agebulebas _ fasadis SuaSi, mklavis areSi sami eqtis avtori ucnobia. Senobis mdare pro-
maRali TaRia, amaTgan Sua, ufro SemaRle- fesiuli xarisxi da dabali mxatvruli done
buli TaRis areSi Cawerilia farTosapiriani (pirvel rigSi, swored aRmosavleTi fasadi-
sarkmeli; fasadis gverdiT nawilebs amkobs sa) mafiqrebinebs, rom is akademiuri ganaT-
sam-sami Tanabari simaRlis TaRi. b. gazirbek- lebis mqone arqiteqtori ar yofila. miT
ovma am naxazis mixedviT gamarTa surb karape- ufro sainteresoa sad da rogor eziara igi
tis eklesiis ara mxolod CrdiloeTi, aramed samTaviss da ram ubiZga misi aRmosavleTi
samxreTi fasadic, Seitana ra masSi mxolod fasadi nimuSad gamoeyenebina, Tanac aseTi
funqciuri saWiroebiT ganpirobebuli cvli- axirebuli interpretaciiT. yovel SemTx-
lebebi _ magaliTad, gaakeTa kari samxreTi
vevaSi, vfiqrob, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTq-
kedlis centrSi, romelic ar aris samTavisSi
vas, rom mas, b. gazirbekovisagan gansxvave-
(mogvianebiT ase gaakeTes qvaSveTSic). ufro
biT, d. grimis naxaziT ar uxelmZRvanelia.
metic, surb karapetis eklesiis dasavleTi
90
91
rusul-marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi (1881 1880-iani wlebidan qarTuli stili gan-
weli). mTavar dasavleT fasadze (sur. 8), viTarebis axal etapze gadavida. is gascda
romelic sxvadasxva qveynisa da epoqis ar- saeklesio arqiteqturis farglebs da samo-
qalaqo arqiteqturaSic SeaRwia (galaktion-
qiteqturuli elementebis sakvirvel nazavs
is quCis #22 saxli, arqiteqtori a. zal-
warmoadgens, centrSi warmodgenilia qvaSi
cmani _ 1883, qalaqis saTaTbiros wiTeli
nakveTi moCuqurTmebuli jvari, mis qvemoT
darbazi, arqiteqtori aleqsandr ozerovi _
dekoratiuli girCi, ufro qvemoT patara
1886, orive TbilisSi18). misabaZ nimuSTa wre
burTulebze dasmuli `manJetebi~ da ZirSi
gafarTovda _ amieridan is aRaraa mxolod
gluvi marTkuTxa bazisi. es elementebi erT-
`samTavnuri kompoziciis stili~. codna Zve-
maneTze aqac vertikaluri lilvebiT aris
li qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb gaiz-
gadabmuli. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas mog-
arda, gaCnda axali, ufro zusti anazomebi,
vagonebs jvris aqeT-iqiT gaWrili sarkmleb-
Catarda bevri Zeglis detaluri fotogra-
is moCuqurTmebuli sapireebic (Tumca maTi
fireba. 1895-1898 wlebSi arqiteqtorma oto
forma da proporciebi gansxvavdeba qarTu-
simonsonma aago abasTumnis wm. aleqsandre
lisagan).
nevelis eklesia19, romlisTvisac nimuSad
rogorc vxedavT, d. grimi Tavisuflad
zarzmis monastris mTavari eklesia gamoiyena
irCevda da ajgufebda samTavnuri kompo-
(mas asec ewodeboda _ axali zarzma). 1902-
ziciis calkeul elementebs konkretuli
1911 wlebSi aSenda saburTalos wm. giorgis
17
livadia ruseTis imperatorebis sazafxulo rezi- eklesia, romelic qarTuli stilis saxasiaTo
dencia iyo. gasabWoebis mere, roca sasaxlis komp-
leqsSi sanatoriumi moewyo, samreklos Senobas sam-
18
T. gersamia, `qarTuli stili~ Tbilisis arqiteqtu
Tavnuri kompoziciebis Semcveli dekori CamoTales raSi XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze, qarTuli
_ rogorc Cans, jvrebis gamosaxulebis gamo. bolo xelovnebis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 2005, gv. 36.
xanebSi Tavdapirveli dekori aRadgines _ samwuxa- 19
m. mania, evropeli arqiteqtorebi TbilisSi, Tb.,
rod, Zalian ugemurad da uxarisxod. 2006, gv. 122-124.
daviT xoStaria
93
dgas Tavisi albomiT. rac ar unda vTqvaT churches. D. Grimm’s drawings of the eastern façades
d. grimze, rogorc arqiteqtorze (da mas of Samtavisi and one of its later copies, the Kabeni
didi SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebul church near Kojori became the source of inspiration for
ostats namdvilad ver vuwodebT), misi, a number of architects In 1860s and 1870s.
rogorc Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreb- The Georgian Revival style was being used in and out-
is erT-erTi pirveli gamommzeureblisa da side of Georgia both in Orthodox and Armenian Mono-
popularizatoris Rvawli saTanadod unda physite church architecture. The direct influence of D.
iqnas Sefasebuli. Grimm’s drawings can be traced in the project of the
reconstruction of the Anchiskhati Church in Tbilisi
(1865, the architect E. Beloy) and in the Surb Kara-
pet Church in Nor-Nakhichevan (1867, the architect B.
Gazirbekov). D. Grimm himself designed abbreviated
replicas of the Samtavisi façade for the bell tower of
the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross in Livadia,
Crimea (1879, built by A. Vincent in 1887) and for the
Russian Orthodox church in Copenhagen (1881). The
former in its turn inspired the architect G. Ter-Mikelov
in the design of the entrance towers of the St Hripsime
Church at Yalta, Crimea (built between 1905 and 1909).
25
j. giunaSvili, akaki xoStaria reza Sahis inaugu-
raciaze, gazeTi saqarTvelos respublika, #85,
7 maisi, 2010, gv. 4-5.
daviT xoStaria
95
97
11. minadora Turqia-xoStarias saflavis
Zegli dulabis sasaflaoze TeiranSi
(n. naxucriSvilis fotosuraTi)
Tomb monument of Minadora Turkia-Khoshtaria
at the Dulab Cemetery in Tehran
(Photo by N. Nakhutsrishvili)
naTia nacvliSvili ukanasknelSi sul 69 ojaxma daido bina.
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
maTTvis gankuTvnili teritoria xelisuf-
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri lebas winaswar Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT
quCebad da sakarmidamo nakveTebad hqonda
dayofili. koloniis centrSi gamoyofili
iyo adgili eklesiis, sasuliero saswavle-
belisa da pastoris saxlisTvis. TiToeulma
Tbilisis konfesiuri sivrcis germanulma ojaxma sacxovrebeli saxlis asa-
formireba: germanuli Temi da Seneblad da sameurneo saqmianobis dasawy-
luTeranuli eklesiebi* ebad or heqtramde miwis nakveTi miiRo3.
axalmosaxleTa umetesoba miekuTvneboda
XIX saukunis Tbilisis mravaleTnikuri da pietistTa ukidures egzaltirebul frTas
mravalkonfesiuri urbanuli sivrcis Seqm _ e. w. separatistebs. am religiurma mimar-
naSi, sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxTan er Tulebam farTo gavrceleba pova germaniis
Tad, mniSvnelovani wvlili germanelebmac samxreT regionebSi, kerZod vÁurtembergSi
Seitanes. mcxovreb luTeranebs Soris da fanatikuri
germanelTa aqtiuri Camosaxleba sa- seqtis saxe miiRo. maT uflis moaxloebuli
qarTveloSi 1817 wlidan daiwyo. maTi pir- meored mosvlis swamdaT da dedamiwaze aTas-
veli kolonia _ marienfeldi sarTiWalaSi wliani `RvTis sufevis~ damyarebas elodnen.
Seiqmna. momdevno wels kolonistTa ricxvs es molodini gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda napo-
vÁurtembergidan 10 nakadad Camosuli 500 leonis omebisa da 1816-1817 wlebis mousav-
ojaxi Seemata. 1818 wels saqarTveloSi sul lianobis Semdeg4. separatistebs germaniaSi
98
litikuri da socialuri garemoebebiT iyo seba~ miiRo10. meore aseTi Sekreba 1828 wlis
nakarnaxevi. axali teritoriebis dapyrobis 3 da 4 ianvars moewyo misioneris, SemdgomSi
xarjze mzard imperias ekonomikis gansavi- ufrosi pastoris, iohaness bernard zalte-
Tareblad kargi xelosnebi da meurneebi tis (Johannes Bernhard Saltet) xelmZRvanelobiT.
sWirdeboda, germanelebi ki cnobili iyvnen ramdenadme Secvlili ganweseba ruseTis im-
kvalifikaciiTa da SromismoyvareobiT. sepa- peratorma erTi wlis Semdeg daamtkica. mos-
ratistebs, Tavis mxriv, swamdaT, rom qriste kovis luTeranuli konsistoriisgan damou-
araratis mTebidan unda mosuliyo, amitom kideblad, Seiqmna Svidi mrevli _ koloniebis
kavkasias gansakuTrebul sakralur mniSv- raodenobis Sesabamisad _ ufrosi pastoriT
nelobas aniWebdnen da surdaT gankiTxvis saTaveSi. Tbilisis sxva germanelebi, romle-
dRes, romelsac 1836 wlisTvis elodnen, aq bic aq kolonistebis mosvlamde cxovrobdnen
Sexvedrodnen. ruseTis imperiaSi gadmosax- da maTgan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisis moqalaqeebi
lebas germanelebi pirvel rigSi fanatikuri iyvnen (samxedro pirebi, xelosanTa ramdenime
religiuri Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare da- ojaxi) gancalkevebiT darCnen11. aqve unda aRi-
Tanxmdnen, Tumca konfesiuri Tavisuflebis niSnos, rom axladCamosul da adre dasaxle-
da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebis per- bul germanelebs Soris daZabuli urTierTo-
speqtivam maT gadawyvetilebaze aseve mniSv- ba arasodes yofila. gansxvavebuli religi-
nelovani gavlena iqonia7. uri warmodgenebi maT xels ar uSlida saerTo
saqarTveloSi Camosvlisa da dasaxlebis saeklesio sivrciT esargeblaT, ramac mSob-
Semdeg kolonistebs gauWirdaT damoukide- liur qveyanas moSorebuli, ucxo miwaze mc-
beli religiuri organizaciis daarseba. maT xovrebi eTnosi momavalSi gaaerTiana kidec.
ar hqondaT saamiso gamocdileba, ar hyavdaT axali Tbilisis koloniis eklesias sa-
99
religiuri liderebi da ver Tanxmdebodnen fuZveli 1828 wlis 7 Tebervals Caeyara,
rwmenasTan dakavSirebul fundamentur sa misTvis koloniis centrSi gamoyofil te-
kiTxebze. 1820-ian wlebSi TbilisSi Camo ritoriaze _ dRevandeli k. marjaniSvilis
sulma bazelis misiam8 germanuli kolonie- quCisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis prospeqtis ga-
bis dasaxmareblad misionerebis gamogzavnis dakveTaze12 (sur. 1).
aucileblobis sakiTxi daayena9. mSeneblobis dasawyebad saWiro Tanxa
1823 wlis 12-22 agvistos, misioner avgust germanelebma da qalaqis Tanamdebobis pi-
ditrixis (August Dittrich) TaosnobiT TbilisSi rebma gaiRes13. saZirkvlis Cayras ramde-
Catarda Svidi vÁurtemberguli koloniis nime maRalCinosani piri eswreboda14, maT
saeklesio kreba, romelmac `saeklesio ganwe- 10
germanuli Temebisa da maTi samSeneblo saqmiano
bis istoria dawvrilebiT aris moTxrobili wignSi:
7
A. Gestrich, German Religious Emigration to Russia.., gv. 94.
Bericht über den Bau der evangelisch-lutherischen Petri-Pauli-
8
bazelis misia, igive bazelis evangelisturi misio- Kirche in Tiflis 1893-1897 vom Kirchenrat, Tiflis, 1898. misi
neruli sazogadoeba, 1815 wels Seiqmna. misi warmo- erTi egzemplari daculia centralur saistorio
madgenlebi ZiriTadad vÁurtembergis luTeranuli arqivSi (fondi #1727, anaweri #1, saqme #54). mad-
da bazelis reformatoruli eklesiebis wevrebi loba minda gadavuxado dimitri TumaniSvils germa-
iyvnen. sazogadoebis mizani iyo misionerTa sagange- nuli teqstis qarTuli TargmanisaTvis.
bod momzadeba emigrantTa koloniebSi gasagzavnad. 11
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 3.
1821 wels bazelis misiam sakuTari warmomadgenle-
bi ruseTis imperiaSic, kerZod, kavkasiasa da kas-
12
eklesiis saZirkvelSi Cades spilenZis fila impera-
piis zRvis regionSi gamoagzavna Raribi germanuli toris saxelis, safuZvlis Cayris TariRis da ekle-
da Sveduri koloniebis mosanaxuleblad. luTeran siis saxelobis aRniSnviT, biblia, augsburgis aRmsa-
misionerTa saqmianoba ruseTis imperiaSi 1835 wels rebloba da martin luTeris mcire katexizmo.
nikoloz I-is brZanebiT Sewyda. ix.: http://missionaries. 13
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 4.
griffith.edu.au/missionary-training/basel-mission-society-1815; 14
sca, fondi #1734, Петропавловская евангелическо-лю-
http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search?coll_id=1220&inst_ теранская церковь в городе Тифлисе, anaweri #1, saqme
id=45&keyword=Asia #1, Счёты и расчёты по постройке евангелическо-лютеранской
9
A. Gestrich, German Religious Emigration to Russia.., gv. 96. церкви св. Петра и Павла в городе Тифлисе в 1828 году, gv. 1.
naTia nacvliSvili
lisis eklesiis dasamTavreblad da iqve pastoris bi, t. II, Tb., 1963, gv. 27; klasicisturi elementebis
saxlis da saswavleblis asaSeneblad. mxolod amis mqone eklesiebis sruli CamonaTvalisaTvis ix.: g. Wa-
Semdeg SeeZloT sxva koloniebs darCenili fuliT niSvili, Tbilisis 1801-1918 wlebis saeklesio nage-
eklesiebis mSeneblobis wamowyeba (iqve). bobebis klasificireba saarqivo wyaroebis mixedviT,
19
liTografia naxatidan Sesrulebulia Tbiliseli arqiteqtura da identoba: saeklesio mSenebloba
gravioris henrix dÁusterdikis mier, savaraudod, TbilisSi (1801-1918), proeqtis macne, Tb., 2015, gv. 33.
1880-ian wlebSi. 22
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 6.
naTia nacvliSvili
101
adgilas sadac dRes yvavilebis bazaria.
es saxli gansakuTrebuli popularobiT cias ar eqvemdebareboda. sabolod gadawyda
ar sargeblobda qalaqel luTeranebs Soris. axali eklesiis aSeneba. proeqti evangelis-
kolonistebis msgavsad, maTac surdaT sru- tur-luTeranuli eklesiis mrevlis arqi-
lyofili saeklesio nageboba, romelic mra- teqtorebs _ paul Sternsa da oto simon-
valkonfesiur qalaqSi maTi arsebobis saja- sons daukveTes28. p. Sternma mavrul stilSi
ro da TvalsaCino dadastureba iqneboda. 25
krebas Taosnobdnen Zveli moqalaqeebis mxridan
swored Tbilisis mravalferovan urbanul general-maiori gotlib fon brandti (Gottlieb von
garemoSi TviTdamkvidrebis surviliT unda Brandt), saxelmwifo mrCeveli karl haani (Carl Hahn)
da vaWari fridrix zetceri (Friedrich Setzer), kolo-
yofiliyo gamowveuli maTi gadawyvetile- nistebis mxridan _ namdvili saxelmwifo mrCeveli
ba sakuTari eklesiis aRmarTvis Sesaxeb. hainrix fon Struve (Heinrich von Struve), ludismxarS-
mrevlis wevrebma 1874-1877 wlebSi luTera- veli fridrix vetceli (Friedrich Wetzel) da maswavle-
beli maTeus Svarci (Matthäus Schwarz). (iqve, gv. 9).
nebsa da sxva konfesiis xalxebs Soris axa- 26
iqve, gv. 8.
li eklesiisTvis daaxloebiT 10 000 maneTi 27
iqve, gv. 9.
Seagroves, magram mSeneblobis sakiTxi qa- 28
iqve, gv. 10. germanul teqstSi uTuod orTogra-
laqel da koloniis mrevlTa gaerTianebis fiuli Secdomaa gaparuli da arqiteqtor Sternis
problemam droebiT daCrdila24. saxelis inicialad P-s (paul) nacvlad aso H aqvs
dasmuli. gasakviri ar aris, rom Sternma eklesiis
XIX saukunis Sua xanis Semdeg, roca se-
arqiteqturis stilad mavruli airCia. islamuri
paratistebis molodini meored mosvlasTan stilizaciiT arqiteqtoris gataceba mis mier dap-
roeqtebul araerT SenobaSi iCens Tavs. magaliTad,
23
samlocvelos gasafarToveblad mrevls kavkasiis yofili saTaTbiros da gamgeobis Senoba (dRevandeli
xelisuflebisgan damatebiT 2000 maneTi sesxis aRe- Tbilisis sakrebulo, 1882-1886 wlebi), misi sakuTari
ba mouwia. sesxi ruseTis evangelistur-luTeranuli saxli daviT aRmaSeneblis prospeqtis #128-Si (1893
mrevlebis daxmarebiT 4 weliwadSi iqna gastumrebu- weli) da sxva. ix.: v. beriZe, Tbilisis xuroTmoZR-
li (iqve, gv. 7). vreba, 1801-1917 wlebi, t. II, gv. 183-184; m. mania, evro-
24
iqve. peli arqiteqtorebi TbilisSi, Tb., 2000, gv. 32, 94.
naTia nacvliSvili
30
gadakeTebuli eklesia pastor-adÁunktma qristian rac mis erovnebaze miuTiTebs. iqve, saqme #4, gv. 5.
beermanma (Christian Beermann) akurTxa (Bericht über den 37
Tavadi i. gedevaniSvilis gancxadebaSi, romelic
Bau.., gv. 10). man luTeranuli eklesiis samSeneblo komisias qvis
31
saZirkvlis qvis Cadebis pativi ergoT moskovis transportirebasTan dakavSirebiT miswera, naTqva-
evangelistur-luTeranuli konsistoriis superin- mia, rom karieri qalaq kaspis rkinigzis sadguridan
tendants paul fon everTs (Paul von Ewerth), kavka- daaxloebiT 3 kilometris, xolo mcxeTis rkinigzis
siis saswavlo olqis mzrunvels kiril Áanovskisa da sadguridan daxloebiT 9 kilometris daSorebiT
tfilisis vice-gubernators graf voldemar tizen- mdebareobda (iqve, saqme #2). rogorc cnobilia, kas-
hauzens (Woldemar Tiesenhausen). iqve, gv. 12. pis midamoebi mdidaria kirqviT. swored aman ganapi-
roba 1926-1931 wlebSi aq cementis qarxnis aSeneba.
32
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 13; T. gersamia, Zveli Tbi-
lisis arqiteqturis istoriidan, saqarTvelos siZ
38
iqve, saqme #3.
veleni, #10, 2007, gv. 207. 39
iqve, saqme #4, gv. 15, 17.
naTia nacvliSvili
103
leTi kedlis saaTi. zari TbilisSi, inJinre- eklesiis kurTxevis scenis aRweridan
bis iaralovisa da alixanovis meqanikisa da irkveva, rom interierSi ganTavsebuli iyo
rkinis sasxmel qarxanaSi daamzades45, xolo saqadago da trapezi. `akurTxa (superinten-
saaTis oqrosferi ciferblati f. tarasovis dantma fon everTma _ n. n.) jvris gardas-
mxatvruli aqsesuarebis maRaziaSi moixata46. axviT saqadago, trapezi, zari, orRani da
40
iqve, gv. 1. mTeli Senoba~48. rogorc Cans, aseve luTe-
41
xregliCis sawyobi mixeilisa da iv. krilovis quCe- ranuli wesis Tanaxmad, eklesiaSi xatebi da
bis (dRevandeli aRmaSeneblis prospeqti da j. kaxi- wmindanTa qandakebebi ar hqoniaT. arcerTi
Zis quCa) gadakveTaze, mixeilis prospeqtis #148-Si
mdebare Sternis cnobil saxlSi iyo ganTavsebuli dokumenti maTi SeZenis an kurTxevis faqts
(iqve, saqme #6, gv. 61). ar ixseniebs. erTaderTi Zegli _ aleqsan-
42
iqve, gv. 1. anton novaks 1890-iani wlebSi saxelos dre III-s (1881-1894) biusti _ Zveli eklesiis
no hqonda mixeilis (axlandeli aRmaSeneblis) pros-
dasavleTi kedlis niSaSi iyo moTavsebuli49.
peqtze #144 saxlSi. saxelosno asrulebda sam-
Rebro da saalfreo samuSaoebs da aseve SekveTebs es biusti mrevlis wevrebma 1890-ian wleb-
iRebda Teatris dekoraciebze, scenis mowyobaze, Si dadges maTi gamaerTianebeli monarqis
interieris moxatvasa da xelovnuli marmarilos
damzadebaze (Путеводитель по Кавказу, издание К. Беги-
Rvawlis aRsaniSnavad.
чева, Тифлис, 1896, gv. 127). XX saukunis dasawyisidan 1897 wlis 4 aprils moskovis evangeli-
a. novakis saxelosno ukve arqiteqturul qandake- stur-luTeranulma konsistoriam axali ek-
bebzec muSaobda (К. Моретти, 50 лет на стройках Грузии,
Тб., 1971, gv. 12-14).
lesiis kurTxevis nebarTva gasca. 18 maiss
43
iqve, gv. 31. 47
vrclad musikis rolze luTeranul eklesiaSi ix.:
axverdovs farTi sawyobisaTvis somxur bazarze, me-
44
M. Range, The Material Presence of Music in Church: the Han-
liq aikazovis saxlSi hqonda naqiravebi (iqve, gv. 58). seatic City of Lübeck, wignSi: A. Spicer (ed.) Lutheran Churches
45
iqve, saqme #7, gv. 1. in Early Modern Europe, Farnham, 2012, gv. 197-220.
maRazia veliaminovis (dRevandeli dadianis) quCaze
46
48
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 17.
mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 2). 49
iqve, gv. 12.
naTia nacvliSvili
105
Mtkvari. In 1862, they were fully incorporated into the its builders.
city. By confession, the colonists were Chiliastic Pi-
etists. They believed that the Last Judgment would take
place in the Caucasus around 1836. Persecuted and
exiled from the South German Duchy, the immi-
grants were sheltered by the Russian Emperor Alexan-
der I. The religious tolerance was one of the privileges
guaranteed to the new settlers; they also received lands
for living and agricultural purpose.
The first Lutheran Church in Tbilisi was built be-
tween 1828 and 1834. It was situated in the centre of
the colony, on the intersection of the present Marjan-
ishvili Street and David Agmashenebeli Avenue. It was
designed after the neoclassical style that was the main-
stream of the 1820s Russian Empire. The church also
served the German citizens who had settled in Tbilisi
before the colonists and who did not have a place of
their own for worship. In 1850, the Caucasus Viceroy
Mikhail Vorontsov gave them a plot on the Baron (pres-
ent Purtseladze) Street, while the authorities granted
them 1000 rubles as subsidy, which enabled the
Germans to build a meetinghouse. However, the par-
ish wanted a real church as a manifestation of their
naTia nacvliSvili
1. wm. petresa da pavles luTeranuli eklesiis kuTvnili miwis nakveTis gegma, 1875 w.
(centraluri saistorio arqivi)
St. Peter and St. Paul Lutheran church land plan, 1875 (Central Historic Archive)
106
107
4. 1893-1897 wlebSi agebuli wm. petresa da pavles eklesia. Ria baraTi
St. Peter and Paul church, 1893-1897, Greeting Card
ana kldiaSvili* riacia SeiZleba arsebobdes). Cvens mier da-
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
sawyisSi gansazRvruli, arc Tu didi inter-
samxatvro akademia valiT (sul raRac 20-25 wliT) daSorebuli
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa ori etapi Cveni istoriisadmi sruliad gan-
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri sxvavebul midgomas warmoaCens. ufro metic,
am or etapze sakuTari warsulisadmi inter-
ess sruliad gansxvavebuli intencia ganapi-
robebda da, Sesabamisad, mizanic orive Sem-
TxvevaSi gansxvavebuli gaxldaT.
istoriis recefcia me-20 saukunis am sakiTxis kvleva da garkveuli
qarTul mxatvrobaSi** daskvnebis gamotana sainteresoa ara mar-
to saxelovnebaTmcodneo kuTxiT, aramed
(nawili I. toposi sabWoTa xelovnebaSi) mniS
vnelovania zogadad dRevandeli Cveni
sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis adeq-
Tvals Tu gadavavlebT gasuli saukunis sax- vaturad Sefasebis kuTxiTac; warsulis gaaz-
viT xelovnebas, aRmovaCenT, rom qarTul reba, misdami damokidebuleba xom garkveul-
mxatvrobaSi istoriis recefciis ori eta- wilad, gansazRvravs eris identobis parame-
pis gamoikveTaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli ufro trebs awmyoSi da ganapirobebs samomavlo
xangrZlivi sabWoTa periodiT, konkretulad orientirebsac.
ki, 30-50-iani wlebiT Semoifargleba, xolo am Temaze muSaobis dros, kerZod ki,
meore ufro mcire droiT intervals, 80- sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos istoriis Te-
iani wlebis pirvel naxevars moicavs. saqarT- maze Seqmnili namuSevrebis moZiebisas (rac,
108
109
misi erTguli mimdevari ki stalini gaxl- mentebma naTlad daadastura, rom maTi zrax-
daT. `ers SeuZlia sakuTari survilisamebr vebi arc ise keTilSobiuluri iyo, rogorc
avtonomiur sawyisebze moawyos sakuTari es erTi SexedviT Canda. leninis pasuxi buxa-
cxovreba. mas aqvs ufleba Sevides feder- rinis kritikaze aseTi iyo: Tu Cven uarvyofT
alur urTierTobebSi sxva erebTan. mas aqvs naciebs da mxolod mSromel masebze visau-
ufleba sruliad gamoeyos sxvebs, nacia su- brebT, es Sedegs ver mogvitans; ar vaRiaroT
verenulia da yvela eri Tanasworia~3. revo- is, rac arsebobs obieqturad, SeuZlebelia8.
luciisa da samoqalaqo omis Semdgom wlebSi aucilebelia, yofilma mCagvrelebma moipo-
gamocemul dekretebSi erebi da erovnebebi von yofil CagrulTa ndoba. rac ufro meti
garkveuli `uflebebiT~ iyvnen aRWurvilni. uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi eqneba nacio-
am dekretebSi aRiarebuli iyo maTi Tanas- nalur umciresobas, miT meti ndoba eqneba
woroba, garantirebuli iyo maTi suvereni-
teti eTnoteritoriuli federaciulobis 5
m. lacisma axal xelisuflebas `federalizmis ab-
surdulobaze miuTiTa da gaafrTxila, rom respub-
farglebSi; aseve garantirebuli iyo `na-
likebis raodenobis gazrda iseTi `ganuviTarebeli
cionaluri umciresobebis~ Tavisufali gan- naciebis xarjze, rogorebic arian TaTrebi da belo-
viTarebis ufleba; deklarirebuli iyo na- rusebi, Zalze saxifaToa (А.П. Ненароков, К единству
равных: Культурные факторы объединительного движения
cionaluri institutebisa da tradiciebis
советских народов, 1917-1924, М., 1991, gv. 91-92). 1919
pativiscema da, raRa Tqma unda, yvelaze wels m. iofem xelisufleba gaafrTxila e.w. `naciona-
mTavari gaxldaT leninis Teza `erTa TviT- luri madis~ gazrdis Taobaze da mouwoda mas, bolo
moeRo `buferuli~ respublikebis separatizmisaT-
gamorkvevis~ Sesaxeb4.
vis (А.П. Ненароков, К единству равных… gv. 92-93).
2
z. kiknaZe, ilias mamuli, kr. saqarTvelo aTaswle 6
Y.Slezkin, The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a
ulebis mijnaze, Tb., 2004, gv. 42. Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism, Slavic Review,
3
И. Сталин, Марксизм и национальный вопрос, М., 1950, gv. 51. Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 414—452.
4
В. Ленин, Вопросы национальной политики и пролетар-
7
Восьмой съезд РКП(б): Протоколы, М., 1959. С.46-48, 77-81.
ского интернационализма, М., 1965. 8
iqve, gv. 46-48, 77-81.
ana kldiaSvili
mas yofili velikoderJavuli naciis prole- anTa cnobierebis `dapyrobis~, axali iden-
tariatisa9. cxadia, yofili ruseTis imperi- tobis danergvis, nacionaluri grZnobebis
aSi Semavali erebisa da erovnebebis ndobis maTTvis sasurvel kalapotSi moqcevis da am
mopovebisaTvis zrunva sxva araferi iyo, Tu procesebis kontrolis erT-erT qmediT me-
ara imperiis modernizaciis mcdeloba da qanizmad ganaTlebis sistemas ganixilavdnen
am xalxebis kvlav ruseTis mmarTvelobis da Sesabamis politikas atarebdnen. `sabWoTa
qveS gaerTianeba. leninis paradoqsis Tanax- skolaSi ara Tu am idea-grZnobis (erovnuli
mad, gza sruli Sinaarsobrivi erTobisaken ideis. a.k.) CaxSobis... mcdeloba yofila, ara-
gadioda formis gamravalferovnebaze. Si- med misi (erovnuli motivis) erTgvari hiper-
naarsi, idea unda yofiliyo _ socializmi, bolizaciac ki xdeboda. ...erovnuli patrio-
xolo forma _ nacionaloba. swored aqedan tizmis Zieba yvelgan, iqac ki, sadac is ar
modioda sabWoTa imperiis kulturis mTa- gaWaWanebula: patriotizmi agiografiaSi, pa-
vari postulati: `formiT nacionaluri, Si- triotozmi `vefxistyaosanSi~. sabWoTa sko-
naarsiT socialisturi~. laSi moxda mistikuri piradi `mamulizmis~
bolSevikebi amgvari politikis gatare gasayovelTaoeba da amis Sedegad vulgari-
bis Sedegad ramdenime kurdRels iWerdnen: zacia. ilias uSualo gancdis, intuiciurad
1. nacionalobas aclidnen Sinaars da masSi nawvdomis gaobieqtureba, racionalizacia,
axali Sinaarsis anu socialisturi Sina kanonizacia... es sqolastikis xana iyo. gan-
arsis `Cadebas~ uwyobdnen xels, rac pa- cdis sferodan is (patriotizmi a.k.) saval-
triotizmis cnebis profanacias iwvevda; debulo WeSmaritebis sferoSi inacvlebs~11.
2. imadlierebdnen erebsa da erovnebebs da erTi SexedviT erovnuli kultura sab-
moipovebdnen maT ndobas; WoTa kavSiris respublikebSi arnaxul ayva-
110
veloSi, yarabaxis olqi _ azerbaijanSi da sxv.) gamoiy- ulebis mijnaze, Tb., 2004, gv. 42.
ena ruseTma Zalze efeqturad 1990-ian wlebSi sabWoTa 12
aq yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom yvela es
kavSiris daSlisas mokavSire respublikebSi da, maT So- filmi saqarTvelos Znelbedobis xanas asaxavs (gvian
ris saqarTveloSic, areulobisa da SeiraRebuli kon- Sua saukuneebs) da arc erTi exeba saqarTvelos oqros
fliqtebis mosawyobad. xanas.
ana kldiaSvili
111
wlisTavis aRniSvna...~ rusTavelis iubile devno wlebSi specsamsaxurebis mkacri kon-
gadaiqca sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa interna- trolis qveS moaqcies represiebiT isedac
cionalur zeimad, ganTavisuflebuli erebis dasustebuli eklesia. amas Tan erTvoda aT-
namdvil xalxur dResaswaulad~14. am mcire eizmis propaganda.
nawyvetidanac naTlad Cans, rogor cdilobs rac Seexeba `mamuls~, romelic ilia
komunisturi xelisufleba nacionaluri Te- WavWavaZem Tavis triadaSi pirvel adgilze
mis, warsulis, eris mexsierebis `privatize- daayena, mas bolSevikebi gansakuTrebuli
bas~, warsulis gamoyenebas mediumad massa da `sifaqiziT~ ekidebodnen. da Tu rogori iyo
xalxs Soris; adamianTa mexsierebis sasurvel es damokidebuleba, amas Cvens mier zemoT
ideologiur kalapotSi moqcevas anu socia- ganxiluli suraTebis analizic cxadyofs,
listur awmyoSi Semoyvanas. gansakuTrebiT ki namuSevrebis erTi jgufi,
es midgoma universaluria, analogiuri romlebzec sabWoTa adamianebis `bednieri
procesi saxviT xelovnebaSic mimdinareobs, yofa~ istoriuli landSaftis, konkretulad
risi dasturicaa Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili ki, mcxeTis sxvadasxva rakursiT warmodge-
namuSevrebi. nili peizaJis fonze viTardeba. es namu-
ilia WavWavaZis cnobili triada `mamuli, Sevrebi erTi ikonografiuli sqemis mixedvi-
ena, sarwmunoeba~ XIX s-dan mokidebuli Cveni Taa Seqmnili; yovel maTganze erTsa da imave
erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvrel formulad komponentebs vxvdebiT: mSenebare an ukve
iqca da Segnebulad Tu intuiciurad swored aSenebul zahess, leninis Zegls, e.w. `axali
am sam sferos misdga sabWoTa xelisufleba.
15
В. Ленин, Критические заметки по национальному вопросу
z. SaTiriSvili, kulturis poetika da nacionalu-
13 (1913 г); В. Ленин, Вопросы национальной политики и проле-
ri narativi: rusTavelis recefcia qarTul kultu- тарского интернационализма, М., 1965, gv. 32-34, 129.
raSi, ena da kultura, #4, 2003, gv. 110. 16
В. Ленин, О праве наций на самоопределение, 1914,
14
SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, Tb., 1937, I-II. gv. 61, 83-84.
ana kldiaSvili
drois~ amsaxvel, muSebisa da glexebis `bedn- aseve, eris gaqristianebis istoria (miriani)
ieri cxovrebis~ scenebs wina planze da ukan, da saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis brZola (vax-
fonze mcxeTis peizaJs jvris taZriT (sur. 5, tang gorgasali). amave dros, mcxeTa Sua sau-
6, 7). odnav saxecvlilia es sqema l. gudiaS- kuneebis saqarTvelos sulieri centricaa,
vilis namuSevarze `axali mcxeTa~ (sur. 8). aq qarTvelTa ierusalimia da kidec aris ageb-
`axali droebis~ simbolod wina planze gamo- uli ierusalimis rogorc nimuSis mixedviT17.
saxul axladaSenebul sarkinigzo xidze mi- erTi sityviT, qarTvelTaTvis es aris erT-
mavali matarebelia warmodgenili, romelsac erTi umniSvnelovanesi sivrce, samkvidro,
fons ukve ara jvris taZari, aramed Tavad sxvadasxva drois saqarTvelos politikuri,
qalaqis xedi uqmnis sveticxovliTurT. aR- kulturuli da sulieri centri, qarTvelTa
saniSnavia, rom l. gudiaSvili iseT rakurss istoriuli mexsierebis sacavi, sadac Cveni
irCevs, romelic mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs, winaprebi cxovrobdnen, Sromobdnen, locu-
Tavi aaridos zahesTan mdgomi leninis Zeg- lobdnen, ibrZodnen, imarxebodnen da sa-
lis gamosaxvas. am suraTze saubrisas kidev dac isini sakuTar identobas moniSnavdnen.
erTi detalia aRsaniSnavi: es sarkinigzo xidi swored am sivrceSi warmarTul xanasa Tu
sakmaodaa daSorebuli mcxeTas; am rakursi- adreul Sua saukuneebSi xorcieldeboda
dan Tavad qalaqis da sveticxovlis danaxva Cveni saxelmwifoebriobac; Sesabamisad, eris
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, magram mxatvarma mexsierebaSi swored mcxeTas ukavSirdeboda
ratomRac `SekumSa~ sivrce. rogorc Cans, Staatsnation18-ad (anu saxelmwifos mqone na-
igi zahesis kaskadis gamosaxvasac moerida da ciad) sakuTari Tavis gancdis precedenti19.
`axali droebis~ simbolod ideurad Sedar- swored amitom, mcxeTasTan yvela kuTxisa da
ebiT neitraluri rkinigzis gamosaxva amjo-
112
113
ari, sveticxoveli da sxv. es qmnadoba-aRm-
yvana. Tumca, sakiTxavia, rogor? mcxeTa,
Senebloba Sesaqmis aqtis ganmeorebadobis
tolfasi iyo, rasac, rogorc mirCa eliade misi ZeglebiTurT yvelgan Soreul planzea
ambobs, mohyveboda Tavad sakraluri sivr- gadatanili. anu warsuli Sors, ukana plan-
cis resakralizacia da misi kidev erTxel ze gadavida (pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniS-
imago mundi-s kategoriaSi gadasvla24. vnelobiT), gafermkrTalda, konturebi da
amgvarad, mcxeTaSi ikvreboda qarTuli simZafre dakarga, erTgvar miraJad iqca. sa-
kosmosi, es iyo qronotoposi, romelSic magierod win wamoiwia axalma samyarom (zahe-
Tavs iyrida da erTmaneTs ejaWveboda sis, rkinigzis, leninis Zeglis, `bednieri yo-
sakraluri dro-sivrce da qarTvelTa kul- fis~ scenebis saxiT) da amiT warsulze meti
turuli plastebi. mniSvnelovaneba SeiZina. aRsaniSnavia, rom
swored am faqiz, erovnuli idento- axalma uari ki ar Tqva Zvelze, ki ar gaau-
bis ganmsazRvreli toposis qsovilSi iWreba qma an ugulvebelyo is, an ki ar daupirisp-
`axali droeba~. rogorc Cans, SemTxveviT irda mas, aramed sakuTar rogorc realur,
rodi SearCies `ГОЭЛРО-s gegmis~ erT-er- aseve mxatvrul sivrceSi `Semoiyvana,~ Tumca
Ti pirveli nagebobis zahesisaTvis swored ki garkveulwilad `gadafara~ is. es naTlad
mcxeTa _ qarTvelTa teritoriuli idento- cxaddeba erT-erT suraTze `stalini zahesis
bis yvelaze mniSvnelovani toposi da aq, am mSeneblobaze~ (sur. 9). ucnobi mxatvris fer-
21
l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli iden- werul tiloze, zemoT CamoTvlili ikono-
tobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi: `qarTlis grafiuli komponentebidan mxolod zahesia
cxovrebis~ samyaro, Tb., 2009, gv. gv. 109. gamosaxuli. aq arc erTi istoriuli kompo-
22
iqve, gv.108.
nenti aRaraa warmodgenili (arc jvari, arc
23
iqve, gv.108.
mcxeTis xedi), ukana planze, Sors mxolod
m. eliade, miTosi _ paradigmuli modeli, kldekari,
24
istoriuli landSafti suraTis wina planze, amdenad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mcxe
marjvena mxares, SemaRlebaze mdgom adami- Tis misadgomebTan zahesis aSenebiT, leninis
anTa jgufma `gadafara~ da es bunebrivicaa, Zeglis dadgmiT, anu axali miTis qmnadobiT da
radgan am jgufis da mTeli kompoziciis cen- xelovnebis nawarmoebebis saSualebiT Zveli-
traluri figura, xazgasmuli TeTri samosi- sa da axlis, warsulisa da axali miTebis er-
Ta da centraluri mdebareobiT, poziT didi Tian mxatvrul sivrceSi moqceviT, maT Soris
beladis, stalinis figuraa, romelic Tavad xelisuflebisaTvis sasurveli korelaciis
aris axali droebis sulisCamdgmeli da Semo- dadgeniT da Semdgom ki am ideis propagan-
qmedi, istoriac da religiac. am SemTxvevaSi diT xelisuflebam, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis
politikuri demiurgis xatma Caanacvla sxva nebismieri wevri axali miTis Tanamonawiled
suraTebSi dafiqsirebuli istoriasTan daka- aqcia, meore mxriv ki, landSaftze kontroli
vSirebuli elementebi. ganaxorciela27, radgan zustad icoda, rom
Zvelis, memoriis axal sivrceSi Semoy momavalSi Tavad es Tanamonawileobis gancda
vanis xerxs yovelTvis aqtiurad iyenebdnen da axali ideologizebuli landSafti moax-
imperiebi. romis imperiaSi erTdroulad ar- denda adamianebis cnobierebaSi im struq-
sebobda romis, rogorc polisis identoba; turebisa da strategiebis Canergvas, ro-
aseve, e.w. Tota Italia-s (mTeli italia) cno- melic Semdgom qarTvelTa axali identobis
biereba da, rac mTavaria, arsebobda erTiani Camoyalibebas, sabWoTa idealebsa da Rireb-
ulebebTan naziareb da mis damcvel qarTvel
romauli sivrcis oikumenuri (imperiuli)
`homo sovietikuss~ warmoqmnida, rac ganx-
cnobiereba25. es xerxi dResac gamoiyeneba.
orcielda kidec. es axali miTi droTa gan-
`dRevandel msoflioSi aqtualuria regio-
mavlobaSi Tavadac `daZvelda~, warsulSi ga-
114
115
consciousnesses, `implanting~ new identity, invoking accomplice if you like, and secondly, the government
national sentiments, would ensure, that the Georgian had the full control over the landscape, and the full
culture would be considered as an active mechanism knowledge of the fact that this feeling of participation
accommodating the interests of the governing body. in a new ideologized landscape would slowly instill the
The clear example of this, is a group of works based structures and strategies in people’s consciousness that
on a single iconographical scheme, created during the would form a new national identity – The Georgian
1930-50s, where the Soviet `happy life~ is brought `Homo-Sovieticus~ – who, in case the future genera-
forth from the backgrounds of the historical landscapes tion decided to form a new Georgian identity, would
— concretely, the landscape of Mtskheta. Indeed, the serve as the true guardian of the Soviet ideals.
formation of such iconographical schemes was never
an accident, since such art-works were always commis-
sioned by the government. Separately, each component
represented within the paintings, is an intentionally
constructed sign/symbol that delivers a concrete mes-
sage of a subliminal character. As a whole, on the other
hand, they form a very clear ideological picture, im-
bued with the concept of `homeland~ as its main mes-
sage — with Mtskheta as its main background.
Mtskheta for Georgians is a sanctuary of histori-
cal memory. It is the place of sacred gathering, where
the Georgian cosmos came together, a meeting point of
sacral time-space, an intersection of Georgian cultural
components and a place where Georgians marked their
ana kldiaSvili
117
5. ucnobi mxatvari.
leninis Zegli zahesSi
Unknown Painter.
Lenin statue in Zahesi
118
119
8. lado gudiaSvili. axali mcxeTa
Lado Gudiashvili. New Mtskheta
8. ucnobi mxatvari.
stalini zahesis
mSeneblobaze
Unknown Painter.
Stalin at the Zahesi
hydropower plant
construction
qristine darCia dasavleTevropulisa da qarTuli xe-
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
lovnebis gzis gayra marTlmadideblobasTan
samxatvro akademia erTad, islamuri qveynebis zegavlenamac ga-
napiroba. swored maSin, rodesac aq humanis-
turi ideebi Cndeboda, rac TandaTan buneb-
rivad gamoiwvevda realisturi xelovnebis
niSnebis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebas, saqarTve-
peizaJis Janris Casaxva da lo Zlieri islamuri qveynebis gavlenis sfe-
ganviTarebis pirveli etapi roSi moeqca. am da sxva istoriul mizezTa
qarTul dazgur mxatvrobaSi gamo saqarTvelo didi xniT CamorCa realis-
(1880-1930-iani ww)* turi dazguri mxatvrobis ganviTarebis gza-
ze da saerTodac acda realisturi saxviTo-
realisturi mxatvrobis istoria saqarTve- bis dasavleTevropul models.
loSi, mravalsaukunovani marTlmadideblur- rusuli saxviTi xelovneba aRmoCnda is
qristianuli xelovnebis tradiciis mqone Sualeduri rgoli, romlis gavliTac saqarT-
qveyanaSi, bunebrivia, dasavleTi evropisagan velo, marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram sabo-
gansxvavebuli `scenariT~ ganviTarda. Tavise- lood mainc eziara dazguri mxatvrobis sai-
buri sulier-kulturuli da istoriuli vi- dumlos. manamde dazguri ferwerisaTvis sar-
Tarebis gamo sul sxva gza ganvlo aq peizaJis biels, XVIII saukunis meore naxevris evropuli
Janrmac. rogorc cnobilia, XVIII saukunis Sua mxatvrobis gavleniT Seqmnili, qarTuli pa-
wlebamde saxviTi xelovnebis ZiriTad xazs raduli portreti da XIX saukunis Sua xanaSi
saqarTveloSi qristianuli saeklesio xelov- mdidar vaWarTa Tu warCinebul moqalaqelTa
120
121
kulturis nawilad iqcnen).
nebismier Janrze ufro `iRbliani~ aRmoCn-
mxatvarTa pirveli Taobis SedarebiT
da da, praqtikulad, gadaurCa `qarTulisa~
axalgazrda warmomadgenlebi naklebad dis-
da `erovnulis~ garegnul gamoxatulebebs,
tancirdebian peizaJis Janrisgan; maTgan mose
romelsac rusul ganaTlebamiRebuli qarT-
ToiZe gamoirCeva. peizaJi, romelSic m. ToiZe
veli mxatvrebi saxasiaTo tipaJSi, xalxur
mxatvrobis sxva Janrebis msgavsad, Tanabari
wes-CveulebebSi, nacionalur kostiumebsa
ZaliT asparezobs, stilisturad kargadaa
da eTnografiul aqsesuarebSi eZiebdnen da
gamarTuli. mxatvars siuJetze metad ferwe-
saamisod ufro `epikuri~ xasiaTis kompozi-
ruli amocanebi ainteresebs _ Suq-Crdilis
ciebs irCevdnen. peizaJi arasodes gamxdara
cxovlad gadmocemis survili da weris pas-
saxarbielo asparezi qarTuli akademizmi-
saTvis, romelic am movlenisaTvis damaxasi- tozuri manera mis Semoqmedebas, zog SemTxve-
aTebeli odnavi SezRudulobiT, siaxlisadmi vaSi, impresionistebsa Tu postimpresionizm-
swrafvis dasazRvrulobiTa da Semoqmedebi- Tan aaxloebs, Sesabamisad, gacilebiT ufro
Ti Tavisuf lebis erTgvari `reglamentire- xSirad gvxvdeba masTan peizaJic (sur. 3, 4).
bulobiT~, Tumc ki maRali profesionaliz- XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTul saxviT
miT xasiaTdeba. amasobaSi ki peizaJi, rogorc xelovnebaSi realuri gardatexa xdeba. miu-
saxelovnebo koniunqturisagan Tavisufali xedavad imisa, rom dasavlurma avangardulma
Janri, Zaldautaneblad axerxebs ferweruli mimdinareobebma dasawyisSi sworedac ruse-
arsis gamoxatvas. Tis gavliT `SemoJona~, 1900-1910-ian wlebSi
pirveli Taobis mxatvarTa Tematurad samoRvaweo asparezze gamosuli axalgazr-
imTaviTve gansazRvrul SemoqmedebaSi mou- da mxatvarTa Taoba wyvets kavSirs rusul
lodnelad gviCans peizaJebi, romlebic, xSir `peredviJnikur~ ferwerasTan da evropul
mxatvrobasTan `gadis pirdapir kontaqtze~.
1
В. Беридзе, Н. Езерская, Искусство советской Грузии
dasavluri da rusuli modernis miRwevebis
1921-1970, М., 1975, gv. 15.
qristine darCia
(sur. 13, 14). magram calke unda gamovyoT ori nes mxatvrul bunebas yvelaze naTlad mainc
avtori _ daviT kakabaZe da elene axvlediani, `imereTis~ seria gvicxadebs. xilul formaTa
modernisti mxatvrebi, romelnic ukonkuren- mxatvruli ganzogadebisa da abstrahirebis
cio pirvelobas aniWeben peizaJs (sur. 8-11). mxolod misTvis cnobili saidumlos wyalo-
qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis am orma didma biT d. kakabaZe axerxebs, feradi geometriu-
figuram swored peizaJSi miagno sakuTar Se- li nakuwebiT awyobili sibrtye mnaxvelis
moqmedebiT kredos, magram sruliad gansxva- mier uyoymanod iqnes aRqmuli xedvis maRali
vebulad: e. axvledianisTvis es konkretuli wertilidan danaxul mTa-barad. abstrahire-
landSaftis farglebSi sakuTari tempera- bis miuxedavad, landSafti realurobasa da
mentis darad, misive wamieri gancdis fiqsi- konkretulobas inarCunebs, amitomac kakaba-
rebaa, d. kakabaZesaTvis ki samyaros didebu- Ziseul imereTs, raoden paradoqsulic unda
lebis, waruvalobisa da zedroulobis gad- iyos, erT-erT gansazRvrebad `saxasiaToc~
mocemis saukeTeso saSualeba. e. axvlediani ki eTqmis. imereTis ukacrieli peizaJebi, ro-
nebismir peizaJur xeds dekoratiulobis gorc waruvalisa da zedroulis amqveyniuri
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli esTetikuri gamocxadeba, imavdroulad, bunebis ganzoga-
gancdiT gadmoscems da, rac ase mniSvnelova- debul xatsac hgavs. magram avtoris mxridan
nia misTvis, yovelTvis aRwevs peizaJis dra- es xelovnebis gziT, Semoqmedebis procesiT
matul JReradobas. magram axvledianiseu- bunebis wvdoma ufroa, vidre Tayvaniscema.
li `dramatizmi~ upirvelesad avtoriseuli moazrovne da mofiqral mxatvars xiluli
subieqturobis nayofia, igi bunebis suraT- bunebis daxatva ki ara, gageba unda, misi ma-
Tan emociur-gancdiTad Serwymuli mxatv- radiuli arsis wvdoma da ferisa da xazis
ris TviTreprezentaciaa. amitomac naklebad saSualebiT gadmocema surs, rasac SesaSu-
123
mkacri gadarCevis princips eqvemdebareba mas- ri mxatvruli damajereblobiTa da didni-
Tan landSaftis Semadgeneli elementebi Tu Wieri xelovanis simartiviT akeTebs. ra ti-
sezonuri movlenebi; mxatvris swrafi mzeriT pis landSaftsac unda xatavdes d. kakabaZe,
zustad `daWerili~ arqiteqtura, adamianebi, forma yovelTvis formulis mkafioebamde
Tovli, nisli, qarbuqi, kaSkaSa mze da wvima dawretili da mxatvrulad dasrulebulia.
Tanabaruflebiania mis peizaJebSi. e. axvle- amitomac uwodebs l. rCeuliSvili d. kaka-
diani yovelTvis konkretul peizaJur xeds baZis peizaJebs `suraT-peizaJebs~4 da e. axv-
iZleva, gansxvavebuli mxatvruli intonacii- ledianTan erTad, mas qarTul mxatvrobaSi
Ta da esTetikuri gancdiT, Tumc Zireuli av- dazguri peizaJis Semqmnelad asaxelebs. al-
toriseuli mxatvruli principebiT; mxatvris baT, ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT,
individualoba yoveli konkretuli suraTis rom qarTul dazgur ferweraSi maT peiza-
farglebSi vlindeba. Jis ori polusuri tipi Seqmnes, qarTuli
sul sxva tipis meTodur midgomas avlens peizaJis erTgvari `alfa da omega~ mogvces;
peizaJisadmi racionalurobiT `SeniRbuli~, peizaJis Janris mimdevar mxatvarTaTvis maT
faruli temperamentis mqone daviT kakabaZe. mTavari savali gzebi dasaxes. e. axvledianis
yovel axal peizaJur motivs igi damoukide- peizaJebis gza TiTqos ufro iolad savalia,
bel serias uZRvnis. erTi seriis farglebSi igi mxatvris emociuri individualobisa da
avtori konkretul mxatvrul amocanas amuS- niWierebis zRvarze gadis, d. kakabaZisa ki
avebs, romlis Sesabamisadac cvlis mxatv- winaswar gansjas, mxatvruli amocanis das-
rul manerasa da weris teqnikas. ase iqmneba awyisSive gansazRvras da teqnikuri saSuale-
erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli ime- bebis swor arCevas moiTxovs. Tumc mTavaria
reTis, bretanis, svaneTis, kojris, kikeTis ara aTvlis wertili, aramed Sedegi, romel-
peizaJebi, parizisa da Tbilisis xedebi. d.
4
l. rCeuliSvili, axali qarTuli xelovnebis saki
kakabaZis peizaJis qvakuTxeds, maT uSinaga-
Txebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 13.
qristine darCia
`kojori~ da `kikeTi~ (sur. 12). magram unda da rac mTavaria, daviT kakabaZis msgavsad,
iTqvas, rom siuJetisa Tu Temis miuxedavad, korneli sanaZemac miagno bunebis suraTis
d. kakabaZe arasodes midis daTmobaze saku- ganzogadebisa da abstrahirebis sakuTar me-
Tari Semoqmedebis mxatvrul principebTan Tods, romelsac, Cveulebriv, aWarisa da gu-
da ar `azaralebs~ mxatvrul formas. riis peizaJebSi mimarTavs. Cais plantaciebiT
amdenad, sabWoTa periodSi peizaJi bev- mofenili mTa-bariT erTianad Sevsebuli
risTvis gamosavalia, mravalTaTvis ki intui- sasuraTe kadri masTan msubuqad geometri-
ciuri `svla~, romlis drosac Tavisuflad zirebuli formebis _ feradovani sibrtyee-
vlindeba mxatvris ferweruli SesaZleblo- bis, uswormasworo wreebisa da mrudeebis _
bebi _ gacilebiT ufro bunebrivi da namdvi- dekoratiuli ZaliT gardaiqmneba. Tumca d.
li xdeba weris manera, SeuzRudavi, gulwr- kakabaZisagan gansxvavebiT, k. sanaZis peizaJe-
feli da aranaZaladevi Temisa Tu motivis bi nakleb amaRlebuli da ufro amqveyniuria,
arCevani. magaliTad, `koniunqturul~ sabWo- radgan moklebulia kakabaZiseul moCvenebiT
Ta moTxovnebTan adaptirebuli, yofiTi Jan- maTematikur sizustes, daufaravad Tavisu-
ris garkveuli tipis motivebis, iqneb sulac, fali da nebismieria. k. sa naZisaTvis ucxoa
Zaladmoyvare valentin Serpilovi peizaJis gamosaxulebis formulis xarisxSi ayvanis
xatvis dros, ferweruli teqnikis Ziebis mx- survili. mxatvari mTis ferdebze Sefenili
riv, kidev ufro Tamami, Tematuri intona- Cais plantaciebis Tavisebur piqtogramas qm-
ciis mxriv ki ufro Tavisufali da bunebrivi nis da ara waruvali bunebis maradiul xats.
xdeba. Zveli xelovnebisagan `nasesxeb~ en- amitomac guobs k. sanaZis aWaris peizaJebi
kaustikis teqnikas, erTgvar teqnikur eqspe- wina planze motanil msxvilmasStabian port-
riments sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi, v. Serpilovi retebsa da gamosaxulebebs, rac kinokadris
125
ZiriTadad swored amgvar kompoziciebSi mi- fragmentulobisa da dinamizmis gancdas to-
marTavs (sur. 15.). 1930-40-ian wlebSi peiza- vebs mnaxvelSi (sur. 18).
Jebs mravlad vxvdebiT iseT mxatvrebTanac, dasasrul, vfiqrobT, sruli ufleba
rogorebicaa mose ToiZe, klara kveesi, Tamar gvaqvs, vTqvaT, rom peizaJis Janrs sakmaod
abakelia, Tamar TavaZe, uCa jafariZe, petre mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia qarTul saxviT
bliotkini, korneli sanaZe da mixeil goci- xelovnebaSi. misi warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa
riZe, romelTanac peizaJi zogjer misTvis da ZalaSi srulad Sesvlis procesi naxevar
uCveulo siurealistur-primitivistul el- saukunesac ki ar moicavs, magram es dro sav-
fersac ki iRebs da zog SemTxvevaSi, Teatris sebiT sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom peizaJs qar-
dekoraciasac emsgavseba. Tul mxatvrobaSi sakuTari `matianes~ pirve-
gansakuTrebul masStabs peizaJis Janri li Tavi daewera. marTalia, saqarTveloSi ar
korneli sanaZis SemoqmedebaSi aRwevs. yu- Seqmnila mimdinareoba Tu mxatvarTa gaer-
radRebas imTaviTve iqcevs peizaJebis Tema- Tianeba, romelic mxolod peizaJs airCevda
turi mravalferovneba da ferweruli Ses- mTavar motivad, magram peizaJis Janrma, rom-
rulebis cvalebadi manera. masTan naxavT lis stilistika sxvadasxva mxatvruli epoqis
mJReri, kontrastuli ferebiTa da pasto- tendenciebiT nakarnaxevi ferweruli amoca-
zuri monasmebiT Sesrulebul eqspresiul nebis Sesabamisad icvleboda, TiTqmis yvela
peizaJebs, ufro etiuduri xasiaTis svaneTis epoqaSi SeZlo mxatvruli azris gardasaxvis
xedebs, msubuq movercxlisfro gamaSi mo- avangardSi yofna. da, rac mTavaria, peizaJis
livlive landSaftebsa Tu Zveli ostatebis Janrma qarTvel SemoqmedT sakuTari mxatv-
tradiciaSi Seqmnil, XVII saukunis holandiu- ruli samyaros gamovlenis Tavisufleba mis-
ri mxatvrobisa da XIX saukunis franguli ca da araerTi qarTveli mxatvris Semoqmede-
stilis pastoralur motivebs (sur. 16, 17). biTi individualoba daitia.
qristine darCia
127
129
7.
Salva qiqoZe. 1917 w. Shalva Kikodze. 1917
130
131
10. daviT kakabaZe. bretani, 1921 w.
David Kakabadze. Brittany, 1921
qristine darCia
133
135
gancdili Tvisobrivobis `SerTvac~ gamo- anu gamodis, rom misi `moZravi suli~ amasTa-
arCevs mTlianobaSi. aseTi midgoma Tavisebur nave, ar gulisxmobs mxolod garkveul max-
`orkestrulobas~ gulisxmobs, sadac cxa- vilTa arsebobas, maT `fokusirebulobas~,
dia, gamocalkeveba da amovardniloba TviT aramed upiratesad, Tavisebur `nakadismi-
solirebad instrumentsac arasgziT unda ax- erobasac~.
asiaTebdes. `solirebis~ aseTi unaris flo- zemoaRniSnul ganwyobas aZlierebs xvia
bisas, es sacxovrisi mainc inarCunebs mokrZa- svetebis aRmamimarTuli `svla~. isini gvir-
lebulobas _ misi aqtiuroba araa Tavsmox- gvindeba Zalian rTulad damuSavebuli sve-
veuli, aramed erTgvarad `Rirseulia~ da tisTavebiT, romelTa zedapiri cocxlad
Tavmdablobis `araukumgdebelic~ Cans. mTe- asimetriuli dekoriTaa `Catvifruli~ da,
li es, TiTqosda `personaluri~ Tvisebebi amave dros, zrdisa da `antigravitaciulo-
TavisTavad, didad sagulisxmoa, magram aq bis~ matareblobas imiTac avlens, rom misive
kidev erTi niuansi iqcevs yuradRebas: Tavad damagvirgvinebeli konfiguraciebi sivrceSi
Senoba, romelsac gars evleba aivani, Zveli aqtiur `gadasvlas~ iwyebs. svetisTavTa da-
naSTis safuZvelzea aRmarTuli da mrgva- muSaveba ubralod virtuozulia. miT ufro
lia. is sakuTar konfiguraciaSive `atarebs~ Semawuxebelia, ufaqizes niuansTa niveli-
quCaTa SekavSirebis `ndomas.~ Tumca, maszeve reba, rac Tavis droze, tlanqi dafervis
`Semozrdili~ da misganve organulad `amo- Sedegad iqna miRebuli. kidev erTi, Tavis
mavali~ aivani am mizanswrafvas ufro meti droze erTiani `sartylis~ saxis, aw ki frag-
sisruliT, garemosTan meti misadagebulo- mentuli gamaerTianebeli `zoli~ saxlis
biT avlens. ase rom, quCebTan SekavSirebisas qveda nawilsac Semouyveboda. mas rogorc
orsafexurovani `svla~ gveZleva. festoniseburi aJuris, ise zeddebuli, te-
137
axla ki davakvirdeT, Tu rogor aviTa- qnikurad uaRresad rTulad gansaxorciele-
rebs am uwyvet `ganSla-Semovlebas~ sakuTriv beli morTulobis saxe aqvs. aqac Cans, rom
morTuloba. igi solidarulia _ saxli-aivani aivnis mqmneli ostatebi ubralod brwyinva-
_ `tandemis~ mizanswrafvisa, `Semoqargavs~ led flobdnen Tavis saqmes da udidesi si-
ra msubuqi, uaRresad moxdenili, magram ima- yvaruliTac axorcielebdnen yovel detals,
vdroulad, energiulobiT aRvsili dekoriT yovel elements. ai amitomac, TviT mikros-
sakuTar Senobas. aq Wviruli `xelrTva~ truqturebSic ki, imave rigis gulisxmieri
ubralod ki ar alamazebs saxls, rogorc pasuxismgebloba Canda, rogoric vlindeba
garedan datanili samSvenisi, aramed Tavad Tavad mTlian wyobaSi. gamodis, rom zereled,
saxlisave `wiaRidan~ amoizrdeba da mTel mis haiharad, ubralod arafers qmnidnen, mTeli
dinamizms `amravalferovnebs~ erTob maRa- arsebiT iyvnen CarTulni SesaqmeSi, xolo sa-
li esTetikuri ganzomilebebis matarebe- kuTari qalaqis gamSvenebas ki ise aRiqvamd-
li, ubralod filigranulad Sesrulebuli nen, rogorc didebuli poemisaTvis misi su-
dekoriT. denadi xviebi mravalmimarTule- liskveTebis sruliad Sesaferisi, poeturad
biania. CuqurTmis nairnakadovani svlebis sisxlsavse striqonis Sematebas.
mTeli es `mogzauroba~ wamyvani, garTule- imasac nu daviviwyebT, rom am rigis
bulmonaxaziani jvarisebri maxvilis mniS- aivanTa aRmSeneblebi anonimurobas inarCu-
vnelovanebasac gamohkveTs, Tanac rogorc nebdnen. saxeli da dideba etyoba, saerTod
SedarebiT rTulnaxatian TaRnarSi, ise moa- arc izidavdaT da maTi Rrmad religiuri
jiris TavisTavadac Zlier metyvel, Tumc cnobierebisaTvis es verc iqneboda gadam-
gacilebiT martiv morTulobaSi. es faqto- wyveti. am aivnis gamarTvis xana, Cans, XIX s-is
ri moajirisa da TaRnaris araerTgvarovan 70-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba, rodesac amqruli
dekorums Sinagan `erTsulovnebas~ sZens da organizaciebi jer kidev inarCunebs Tavis
Taviseburad kidec hkravs mTel am Senobas _ arsebobas, Tumca 1860-ian wlebSi momxdari
samson leJava
139
140 samson leJava
samson leJava
141
Tamar SavguliZe turuli kategoria, romelic saTaves anti-
kuri periodidan iRebs. zogierTi kritikosi
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia miiCnevs, rom alegoria kvlav dominanturad
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa socialistur realizmSi im mizeziT gadaiqca,
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri rom igi, rogorc mxatvruli xerxi, ideolo-
giuri diskursis gansamtkiceblad mosaxerxe-
belia, misi saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba
sxvadasxva zneobrivi sistemebis konkretul
formebSi gansaxiereba. vinaidan socialistu-
socialisturi realizmis ri xelovneba monawileobas iRebda social-
principebi ur gegmarebaSi, axal alegoriul formebs
(qarTuli qandakebis magaliTze) unda moexerxebina da xelovneba ganeride-
bina iseTi „damRupveli“ zegavlenisgan, ro-
nawili 1 goric iyo individualizmi da yvelaferi,
rac pirovnebis koleqtivisgan gancalkevebis
winamdebare statiaSi SevexebiT socialis- tendencias atarebda. alegoriaSi ki devs
turi realizmis, rogorc saxviTi meTodis swored is ganmazogadebeli elementi (gan-
principebs da vecdebiT gamovkveToT, rogor sakuTrebiT ki vizualur alegoriaSi), ro-
moxda maTi qandakebis enaze adaptacia. cxa- melic xels uwyobs saazrovno dogmebis iko-
dia, socialisturi realizmis saxviTi prin- nografiul sqemebSi transformirebas da maT
cipebi xelovnebis yvela dargisTvis, yvela Semdgom, iol mimReobas.
respublikaSi saerTo gaxldaT, magram wi- alegoriis aucileblobam, romelic axal
namdebare statiaSi Cven ganvixilavT im maga saazrovno veqtorebs Camoayalibebda da
142
aTebelia moZraoba. figurebi sasuraTe si- iluzia saxviT enaze an/da iseTi droiTi seg-
brtyeze xSirad imyofebian moZraobis pro- mentebis dauyoneblivi simultanuroba, rog-
cesSi, mxolod maTi moZraobis traeqtoria orebicaa verbalizebuli „yofna“ da „iqneba“.
winaswargansazRvrulia. isini aucileblad socialisturi realizmis kidev erTi
moZraoben win, xSirad ferweruli kompozi- moTxovna, romelic Tanabrad ganxorcielda
ciidan mayureblisken, modian pirdapir an xelovnebis yvela hipostasSi aris e.w. axali
figuraTa gamosaxuleba profilSia mocemu- sabWoTa adamianis Seqmna, romlic gadaiq-
li da sruliad cxadad ikiTxeba, rom isini ceoda komunisturi suliT warmarTul so-
ara ubralod siarulis procesSi arian gamo- cialur sxeulad. imisTvis, rom sabWoTa ada-
saxulni, aramed mniSvnelovani datvirT- miani gaeidealebinaT, rogorc xuTwledis
vis mqone nabijis gadadgmis momentSi arian gegmis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli mZlavri
dafiqsirebulni. mxolod nabiji ar aris fizikuri imiji, socialisturi realizmis
gamosaxuli, rogorc TviTneburi, sxvadasx- mxatvrebma da moqandakeebma, zogadad Semoq-
va datvirTvis mqone qmedeba, misi maJoruli medebma, Seqmnes alegoriuli saxeebi. gansaz-
JReradoba cxadhyofda saTqmels, rom ga- Rvres sanimuSo muSebisa da glexebis Tvise-
dadgmul nabijs adamiani mihyavs warmate- bebi da sxeuli aqcies maT aRmniSvnelad,
buli momavlisken, romelic saxelmwifos romelic gansazRvravda maT socialur iden-
mier aris garantirebuli. Zlier moqalaqeSi tobasa da mniSvnelobas. gamoqandakebuli
proecirebuli, Zlieri saxelwifos narativi pirovnebebi socialistur realizmSi ukve
ferweraSi da qandakebaSi yovelTvis Semagre- iyvnen frTxilad da gulmodgined gansaz-
bulia Zlieri, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuli Rvruli socialuri sxeulebi, romelTa
plastikis mqone sxeuliT. fizikuri Tvisebebi unda gamxdariyo stal-
qarTuli qandakeba ferweris darad so- inuri sociumis, romelime seqtoris muSaTa
143
cialisturi realizmis adepti gaxda da izi- da glexTa tipuri ideali.
arebda im tendenciebs, romelic ruseTSi, ro- yoveli es, aTasobiT portreti, glexebi-
gorc maSindeli kulturis centrSi Seqmnili sa, muSebisa, warmatebuli kolmeurneebisa,
xelovnebis sivrceSi daiZra. masSic, moZrao- metraqtoreebisa, frontis gmirebisa, parti-
ba da nabijis alegoria gaxda ganmsazRvreli zanebisa, romelic Seqmnilia sabWoTa period-
(sur. 1). socialisturi realizmis qarTuli Si da romelTa variantebiTac uxvad aris war-
qandakebis magaliTebSi dafiqsirebuli moZ- modgenili sabWoTa qarTuli qandakeba (da ara
raoba, swored farTod gadadgmuli nabijis mxolod qarTuli, aramed zogadad sabWoTa
alegoriaa. moZraoba isea mocemuli, rom Tu qandakeba), ar iyo gaTvlili individualuri
mayurebeli profilSi naxavs qandakebas, Cans Rirebulebrivi niSnebis, pirovnuli Tvise-
rom qandakeba win dgams nabijs, xolo may- bebis, xasiaTis gamomJRavnebeli elementebis
ureblisTvis, romelic pirispir aRmoCdeba gamosaxvaze. isini arsebobdnen mxolod sx-
qandakebasTan, igi misken momavali figuraa. vadasxva, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier daSveb-
sabWoTa kulturis mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT2, uli socialuri fenebis (muSebi, maswavleble-
socialistur realizmSi aseTi tipis moZrao- bi, samxedro personali, eqimebi, xelovanebi
bis aucilebloba gansazRvra i.b. stalinis da a.S.) materialuri emblemebis sivrceSi da
dawesebulma e.w. xuTwledebma da gegmebma, maTiT iRebdnen mniSvnelobas (samuSao iaraRi,
pirveli cnobili xuTwledi 1932-1937 wle- medlebi, epoletebi da a.S.) (sur.2).
bze gaiTvala da swored aqedan iRebs saTaves aseTia aTasobiT skulpturuli bius-
xelovnebis nawarmoebTa saxviTi enis dogma- ti (kidev erTi niSani sabWoTa xelovnebisa,
tizaciac. swored gamosaxul „nabijs“ unda romelmac biusti gaaqtiura, rogorc erT-
Seeqmna myisieri da Seuferxebeli progresis erTi umTavresi forma sabWoTa qandakebaSi),
romelic inaxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
2
W. Holz, Art of The Soviets, Painting, sculpture and architectu-
re in a one-party state 1917-1992, 1993, p. 73-86. muzeumebis fondebSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
Tamar SavguliZe
kuTvnilebis niSani, romelic maT socialur urebad ver CavTvliT aRniSnuli tendenciis
safexurze migviTiTebs (sur. 3). gaCenas, es mxolod ferweris narativSi io-
socialisturi realizmi ar aris mokle- lad gamosaxuli religiuri qveteqstebis qa-
buli religiur da miTologiur datvirT- ndakebis formaSi gacxadebis aucileblobaa.
vebs. cxadia, religiuri, ufro zustad ki gveCveneba, rom qandakebaSi socialisturma
qristianuli ikonografia ase cxadad da xelovnebam Seqmna miTologiuri samyaros
xelSesaxebad ar vlindeba, magram stilma gancda. rogorc miTSi, romelSic demiurge-
gamoiyena e.w. vizualuri xatis ormagi ko- bi aweseben socialuri qcevisa da yofis san-
direbis meTodi. man Seqmna Tavis wmindanTa qcias _ sameurneo, religiur-ritualurs da
mTeli sistema, Seqmna maTi gamosasaxi saSu- a.S. aseve moxda sabWoTa epoqaSi, qandakebeb-
alebebis mTeli arsenali da gadaaqcia isini, Si pirvel plastad gamovlindnen TviT de-
im idealuri arsebebis saxed, romlebic mi- miurgebi, cxadia, maT Soris iyo ranJirebis
wveulni iyvnen stalinis socialistur sa- procesi da iyvnen rogorc umTavresi demi-
moTxeSi, iq masTan erTad dasamkvidreblad. urgebi (beladi, partiis liderebi, ideolo-
ferweraSi amisTvis socialurma realizmma giis mamebi) (sur. 5), aseve lokalur doneze
aiRo impresionistuli ganaTeba (rom aRa- mniSvnelovani, demiurgebis nebis ganmaxor-
raferi vTqvaT sxeulebze), rusuli, marTl- cielebeli da maTi aucilebeli atributi:
madidebluri xatebis foni da socialisturi gmirebi, sabWoTa realobaSi ki revoluciis
sakvanZo simboloebi, romlebic jamSi qmnian winamZRolebi da ideuri sulisCamdgmelebi
kvazireligiur mniSvnelobebs3. (sur. 6). maTi gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba TiTq-
qandakeba moklebulia ferweris meTo- mis yvela qarTveli moqandakis Semoqmede-
debs da saSualebebs, magram kvazi-religi- baSi 1960-ian wlebamde. sabWoTa vizualur
xelovnebaSi, kerZod qarTul qandakebaSi
3
W. Holz, Art of The Soviets. Painting, sculpture and architecture in
a one-party state, 1917-1992, 1993, p. 73-86. miTologiuri samyaros rekonstruirebis
Tamar SavguliZe
145
da~ kidevac `progresul marcvlebs~, rom-
danarCeni Temebisgan iyo konstruirebuli lebic maSinac ki aaxloebdnen kacobriobas
sabWoTa moqalaqis realoba da mas mkacrad sanukvar mizanTan, komunizmTan, maSin roca
ar eZleoda ufleba Tavis yoveldRiurebaSi kacobriobam komunizmis Sesaxeb namdvilad
gaTamaSebuli yofiTi Temebisgan Semdgari araferi icoda.
savaldebulo misteriebi sxva TematikiT mwerlebi gaurbodnen komunizms, ro-
Caenacvlebina. qandakeba, rogorc, sabWoTa gorc ukve damdgari faqtis, mxatvrulad
moqalaqis samyaros modelis sisworis das- warmoCenas. SesaZlebeli iyo, maT komuniz-
turi iyo yvelgan, gansakuTrebiT ki sajaro mis mxatvruli xorcSesxmis dros sabedis-
sivrceSi, raTa swori veqtorebi mieca moqa- wero ideologiuri Secdoma daeSvaT, rasac
laqisTvis da gaemyarebina misi sabWoTa mo- arasodes apatiebda partia da xelisufleba“
qalaqis pozicia. (gafrindaSvili 2010)5. erTi SexedviT qar-
mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom sabWoTa lit- Tulma qandakebam, iseve rogorc qarTulma
eraturasa da xelovnebaSi mudmivad ori dro ferweramac, gadalaxa mudmivad ori drois
iyo warmodgenili: awmyo da warsuli. sain- faqtori da Semoitana warsuli, rogorc ase-
teresoa, rom sabWoTa ferweris germaneli Ti, Tanac ara komunisturi warsuli, aramed
mkvlevarebi da sabWoTa literaturis qa- nacionaluri niSniT gamorCeuli. qarTvel
rTveli mkvlevarebi erTmaneTs aRniSnul moqandakeebs arasdros SeuwvetiaT qarTve-
mosazrebaSi sruliad eTanxmebian: „socreal- li sazogado moRvaweebis, gansakuTrebiT ki
istur nawarmoebSi iseve, rogorc nebismier mwerlebis gamosaxva. magram isic cxadia, rom
sxva verbalur mxatvrul TxzulebaSi, Sei- nacionaluri warsulisTvis qarTul qanda-
Zleba aRwerili iyos movlenebi, romlebic kebas ar dauwyia axali saxviTi saSualebebis
warsulSi moxda, awmyoSi xdeba an momaval-
5
n. gafrindaSvili, socrealisturi diskursi da
4
Е. М. Мелетинский, Мифическое Время, Мифы Народов qarTuli sabWoTa literaturis ramdenime Tavisebu-
Мира, Т. 1, c. 252-253. reba, `spekali~, #1, Tb., 2010.
Tamar SavguliZe
Zieba, man igi warmatebiT moaqcia social- politikam erTbaSad ver Secvala qarTul
isturi realizmis qandakebis farglebSi qandakebaSi mimdinare procesebi. socialis-
gamomuSavebul formebSi da nacionaluri, turi realizmis gamoZaxils qarTul qanda-
vizualuri identobisgan mxolod erovnu- kebaSi 1990-iani wlebis CaTvliT vxvdebiT.
li kostiumis dekoratiuli elementebiRa metic, socialisturi realizmi aRar Senar-
(isic ara yovelTvis) dautova. Tu ki mwer- Cunda Tavdapirveli saxiT, transformirda
lebi cdilobdnen ise warmoeCinaT Soreuli da formaSi deklarirebuli ideologiis sa-
warsuli, rogorc moZraoba komunizmisken, muSao meTodidan xelovnebis formaSi trans-
risTvisac mudmivad eZebdnen damajerebel formirebis mcdelobac ki hqonda, magram amis
argumentebs, sabWoTa qandakebam `dagvarw- Sesaxeb statiis meore nawilSi mogaxsenebT.
muna~, rom Cveni awmyo warsulis organuli 1960-iani wlebi ki is droa, rodesac daiSva
gagrZelebaa, ris dasturadac warsuli (is- warsulisa da istoriuli pirebis asasaxad
toriuli pirebi da maTze damagrebuli Ri- axali Ziebebi da daiwyo erovnuli identobis
rebulebebi) da awmyo (Tanamedrove samyaros adeqvaturi, saxviTi formebis Ziebis proce-
Semoqmedi demiurgebi) erT saxviT formaSi si. saxviT xelovnebaSi `formiT erovnuli,
gaerTianebuli SemogvTavaza (sur. 14). SinaarsiT socialisturi~ lozungis epoqa
kidev erTi, saxviTi TvalsazrisiT sain- erTi SexedviT, dasasruls miuaxlovda.
tereso cvlileba an siaxle, romelic Se-
vida qarTul qandakebaSi, aris emociis an
religiuri rwmenis damatebiTi vizualuri
simboloebiT gamosaxvis elementi. aRniSnu-
li saxviTi xerxi antikuri periodidan iRebs
saTaves da sxvadasxva kulturebSi Segvx-
146
147
1. valentin TofuriZe. gamarjveba, 1948 w. 2. giorgi sesiaSvili. mijnis amogdeba, 1931 w.
Valentin Topuridze. Victory, 1948 Giorgi Sesiashvili. Overcoming the threshold, 1931
149
Chiatura Unknown Author. Memorial complex dedicated to the
heroes of W W II, Lagodekhi (detail)
10. Tamar abakelia. industria saqarTveloSi, imelis Senobis frizis fragmenti, 1937
Tamar Abakelia. Industrial Georgia, Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, also well known as IMELI Building, Frieze, Tbilisi, 1937
150
11. a. qiqoZe. kolmeurne deda, 1940 12. Tamar abakelia. kolmeurnis ojaxi, 1939
A. Kikodze. Collective farmer mother, 1940 Tamar Abakelia. Collective farmers family, 1939
Tamar SavguliZe
151
in Discus-throwing, 1952-53
deba formaluri ideuri sakiTxebis gadaWris mxolod kiTxvebs svams (rogorc p. ozbor-
survili. artisti jer kidev sabWoTa reJimis ni SeniSnavs, `konceftualuri xelovneba,
periodSi miemgzavreba germaniaSi da misi Se- upirvelesad, SekiTxvebis xelovnebaa~)3.
moqmedeba dasavluri xelovnebis Tanamedro- nawarmoebis mimRebi wyvets rogor moaxdi-
ve formebis paralelurad viTardeba. Tum- nos misi interpretacia.
ca, jer kidev studentobis bolo periodSi swored `mimRebi~ da ara `mnaxveli~, `wa-
is qmnis abstraqtul-konceftualur nawar- kiTxva~ da ara `naxva~ _ cnebaTa funqcioni-
moebebs. misi cnobili Sav-TeTri tiloebi
rebis amgvari cvla arsebiTi elementia axali
(sur.1) (am seriaze mxatvari 25 weli muSaob-
diskursis gaazrebisaTvis. metic, SesaZloa,
da) 1985 wels, iliko zautaSvilisa da Temo
xelovnebis nawarmoebma arasdros miaRwios
gocaZis iniciativiT, mxatvris saxlSi gamoi-
mimRebamde da misi wakiTxvis aqti arc Sedges.
fina. g. eZgveraZis es solo gamofena kon-
1970_80-ian wlebSi abstraqtuli xasia-
ceftualuri mimarTulebis pirveli gamofe-
na iyo da is droze adre daxures. artisti am Tis namuSevrebze da aseve fotoze, instala-
etapze aRmosavluri filosofiisa (induizmi, ciebsa da performansze muSaobs iliko zau-
Zen-budizmi) da Tanamedrove formebis sin- taSvili. artisti dasavluri artis zogad
TezirebiT eqsperimentirebs. es seria misive problematikas mimarTavs. Temebi, romlebzec
sityvebiT, reaqciaa `kulturis mier cnobie- is muSaobs moicavs momxmarebluri cnobiere-
rebis sruli determinirebis saSiSroebaze~. bis kritikas, aRmosavluri filosofiisa da
aq aRniSnulisa da aRmniSvnelis urTierTmi- fsiqoanalizis motivebs.
marTebisa da myofoba_armyofobis proble- „perestroikis“ Semdgomi periodis gaaq-
mebi ganixileba. is mocemuloba, romelsac tiurebuli socialuri da politikuri kri-
uSvebs struqturalisturi meTodi _ aR- zisi Sesabamisad aisaxa qarTul xelovnebaSi.
153
niSnulis (obieqtis) aryofna aRmniSvnelis posttotalitaruli situaciis paradoqseb-
(ideis) funqciasTan mimarTebiT Sav-TeTr ze refleqsia sxvadasxvagvarad dafiqsirda
ferweraSi sainteresod muSavdeba. aq „sig-
qarTveli mxatvrebis namuSevrebSi. isini Zi-
nifikaciis Semadgenlebi mxolod aRmniSvne-
riTadad, am situaciis absurdulobas aRwe-
lis SriT aris warmodgenili...referenti da
ren. am Temas exeba levan WoRoSvilis seria
aRniSnuli interesis miRma rCeba“2.
`cudi videoebi~.
aRmniSvnelsa da mis garemomcvel kon-
Tu amerikul da evropul konceftua-
teqsts Soris mimarTebis kvlevas mxatvari
lizmSi vietnamis omis Temaze iqmneba iseTi
enis Zirebis gaanalizebamde mihyavs, da `maTi
mZime namuSvrebi, rogoricaa mag., doku-
gamomJRavnebiT enis gadalaxva~ xdeba. es yve-
laferi, ra Tqma unda, transcendenturis Zie- menturi kadrebis simZafreze agebuli `da
bebs ukavSirdeba. mogvianebiT es Ziebebi ufro bavSvebi? da bavSvebi~ („art vorkers“), `omi
ganivrco. Cndeba figuratiuli elementebi. saxlSi~ (marta rozleri)4, qarTuli arti am
simboluri struqturebi Caanacvla enobriv- 3
Peter Osborne, Conceptual Art. Themes and Movements, Lon-
ma TamaSebma. Semodis ironia da skepticizmi. don, 2000, gv. 14.
poststruqturalistur etapze gadasv- 4
aSS-sa da evropuli konceftualuri xelovneba Ta-
lis paralelurad, g. eZgveraZis namuSevreb- visi ganviTarebis adreul etapze ufro formaluri
Si ufro da ufro imatebs desakralizaciis ideuri sakiTxebiT (aqti/movlena, maTematikuri se-
riebi, kulturuli formebis struqturebis lingvis-
xarisxi, xolo avtoris pozicia qreba. Zne- turi proeqtebi) aris dakavebuli. ideologiurad
lia raime detalSi misi moxelTeba. avtori datvirTuli Sinaarsi sakvanZoa laTinoamerikuli
konceftualuri xelovnebisaTvis. es iyo xelovneba,
2
m. xundaZisa da n.metrevelis dokumenturi filmi- romlisTvisac TviTon ideologia iqca konceftua-
dan `BORN IN GEORGIA OR FROM SURFACE TO ABYSS~`; luri proeqtis fundamentur `materialur idento-
gia eZgveraZesTan Cawerili intervius beWduri bad~. Crdilo amerikisa da evropis konceftualuri
versia, Jurnali „cxeli Sokoladi“, #56, Tb., 2010 xelovneba politikurad radikalizebuli vietnamis
gv.52-57. omis Semdeg gaxda.
naTia ebanoiZe
155
protesti sistemis funqcionierebis, misi (sur.9), `Down~ (1989), aseve `cudi da kargi
ugulvebelmyofeli meqanizmis mimarT audi- sityvebi~ _ seria, romelic Sedgeba TeTr
toriis winaSe sakuTari leqsebis (is aseve ga- tiloze feradi ZafebiT amoqarguli sityve-
tacebuli iyo minimalisturi, eqsperimentu- bisagan: ego, kriminali, korufcia, morfi...
li poeziiT) wardgenis Semdeg, maTi daxeviT miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove das-
da maTgan bulionis momzadebiT gamoixata. avluri artisTvis aqtualuri sakiTxebiT
Tanamedrove politikuri realoba aisaxa qarTveli artistebic interesdebian da cdi-
mis obieqtebSi: „tvirTi-92“ (sur. 6), „Tval- loben msagvsi problematikis konceftualur
Tvali“, `cxeni myavs, unagiri movercxlili kvlevas, mTlianobaSi qarTuli konceftu-
maqvs, wasasvleli-ara~, `123-Grey~. aluri xelovnebis safuZveli da motivacia
artistis pozicia vizualurad formde- adgilobrivi konteqstiT, alternatiul
ba 1994 wels Seqmnil namuSevarSi, „Я~ (sur. 7). formebTan adaptaciis, gamotovebuli gamoc-
es aris foto, Tavad artistis gamosaxule- dilebis Sevsebis, arsebuli realobis daZ-
biT, romelic rusuli aso Я-s msgavs pozaSia levis surviliT aris ganpirobebuli. Tumca
warmodgenili. CaRunuli Tavi da magrad da- es xelovneba naklebad operirebs agresiu-
Wimuli muStSekruli xeli im daZabuli mux- li formebiT. artistebi xSirad mimarTaven
tis gamoxatulebaa, romelic arsebobda im ganyenebul, abstragirebul formebs. isini
periodisaTvis sazogadoebaSi. Znelad Tmoben xelovnebis nawarmoebis es-
formaluri ideuri problemebiT (ga- Tetikur ganzomilebas da is maTi namuSevre-
mosaxuleba, misi transformacia da for- bis aucilebel komponentad rCeba. maTTvis
mis dematerializacia, konstruqciis de- aucilebelia metaforul, qaragmul enaze
konstruqcia) interesdeba koka ramiSvili, Targmnon faqtebi. obieqti kvalav xelovne-
romlis foto-seriasac zemoT ukve SevexeT. bis nawarmoebis dasasrulia; gamosaxuleba-
is kidev erTi mxatvaria, romelic 90-iani umetesad, legitimuri.
naTia ebanoiZe
157
7. T. javaxiSvili. Я, 1994 w.
T. Javakhishvili. Я, 1994
naTia ebanoiZe
159
zogadi ganmartebiT, religia aris gza da saerTo identobis mqone Temis, sazoga-
urTierTobisa erTi mxriv adamiansa da meo- doebis gancdas badebs.
re mxriv RmerTebs, angelozebs, wmindanebs, religiuri materialuri kulturis Se-
saiqios, winaprebis sulebs, bedisweras Soris.
madgeneli nawilia aseve, sivrcesTan dakav-
religiaSi igulisxmeba ideebi, doqtri-
Sirebuli sakiTxic. religia qmnis sakralur
nebi, koncefciebi, magram amasTan erTad is
sevrceebs: eklesiebs, monastrebs, romelebic
moicavs grZnobebs, aRqmas, sivrceebs, suraT-
religiuri ritualebis, religiuri SegrZne-
xatebs, samoss, sakvebs da sxva saxis praqti-
bebis Tavmoyris adgilebia. amave dros, sak-
kas, romelic ukavSirdeba locvas, ganwmen-
relur sivceebs vxvdebiT morwmuneebis sax-
das, rituals, piligrimobas, religiur ga-
lebSi, kedelze ganTavsebuli religiuri xa-
naTlebas da a.S.
tebisa Tu nivTebis saxiT, yoveldRiurobis
materialur religiur kulturaSi igu-
Cveuli ritmiT mcxovrebi saxlis binadarni
lisxmeba religiis yvela aspeqti, romelic
am sakralur sivrceebTan Tanacxovroben da
kavSirSia adamianis sxeulTan, sagnebTan, ad-
am sivceebis Tanaziarnic xdebian4. sakralu-
gilTan da sxvadasxva saxis artefaqtebTan,
romlebic Tavis mxriv, yoveldRiur reli- ri xdeba adgilebi, romelebic aRniSnavs imas,
giur praqtikaSi monawileobs. rom raRac mniSvnelovani moxda. amgvari siv
Cven SevecdebiT nawilobriv SevexoT ma- rceebis aRmniSvnelebad gvevlineba adgilebi
terialuri religiis konteqsSi sxeulis, si- romelebic gvaxsenebs gardacvlil, Cvengan
vrcis, bgeris, esTetikis gagebis sakiTxebs. wasul adamianebs. adgili am SemTxvevaSi, max
sovrobad gardaiqmneba da sakraluri xdeba
* naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniSvilis gardacvlilis mSoblebisTvis, axloblebis
65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze
(Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015, 11-12 ivnisi).
2
A. Zito, Body, Material Religion, volume 7. Issue 1, 2011.
1
C. McDannell, Material Christianity, New Haven, 1995; Reli-
3
M. Mauss, `Techniques of the Body~, Economy and Society 2 , 1973.
gion and Material Culture: The Matter of Belief , D. Morgan, 4
E. Frances King, Material Religion and Popular Cultur, Lon-
ed., London, 2010. don, 2010.
ana mgalobliSvili
161
ba Cven mxolod mcireds SevexeT, magram es
saxlebSi da a.S. CamonaTvali naTelyofs, rom
mciredic naTelyobs rom religiuri materi-
bgera yoveldRiuri praqtikis konstruire-
aluri kulturis Seswavla kompleqsurobas
bis erT-erT monawiled SeiZleba CaiTvalos
moiTxovs da ver SemoisazRvreba erTi rome-
da am kuTxiT, Sesabamisad, religiuri mate-
lime disciplinis SesaZleblobebiT.
rialuri kulturis Semadgeneli nawilia6.
ramdenadac materialuroba religiebis 7
B. Meyer, J. Verrips, Aesthetics, Key words in religion, media
Semadgeneli nawilia da grZnobebsa da aRq- and culture, New York, 2008.
mebs iyenebs rwmenis mediumebad, erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani da umTavresi sakiTxi reli-
giis SeswavlisaTvis aris esTetika. ANNA MGALOBLISHVILI
XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli esTetika
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
gulismobs mecnierebas an filosofias mSve-
nierebis, silamazis Sesaxeb. dematerialize-
buli Teoria esTetikis Sesaxeb morgebuli
RELIGION AND
iyo eqskluziurad maRal, elitur Tu mo-
MATERIAL CULTURE
dernul xelovnebas. am Teoriebis mixedviT,
religiam dakarga sazogadoebis moderniza-
Material culture consists of the objects, images, forms
ciaSi monawileobis miRebis unari da am funq-
of aesthetic discernment, built environments, and tech-
ciis Sesruleba xelovans da maRal, elitur
xelovnebas daekisra, ramac praqtikulad niques of the body that operate on the world and our-
xelovanisa da religiuri realobis gamijv- selves. In the context of Material religion materiality is
na gamoiwvia. religiurobiT ganmsWvalulma not understood as an `expression~ of ideas, beliefs, or
theological doctrines, but as the felt-life of a religion and
5
D. Morgan,The Material Culture of Lived Religions, Studies in
Art History,volume 41, Helsinki, 2010. as the actual basis of beliefs. The article examines the
6
Is. Weiner, Sound, Material Religion, volume7. Issue1, 2011 role of the body, space and sound in the study of religion.
nana inwkirveli pirveladi STabeWdilebiT sasaxle mxo-
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
lod ori _ ozerovisa da sabWoTa periode-
samxatvro akademia bis disharmoniul monacvleobas warmoad-
genda (sur. 1), amdenad kvleviTi samuSaoebi
ozerovis arqiteqturis moculobis mTli-
anobis dasadgenad mivmarTeT, Tumca kvle-
vam sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTi mogvca,
aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxlmuzeumi radgan moculobis dasavleTi fasadis Ziebis
winandalSi. Senobis reabilitaciis procesSi, al. WavWavaZiseuli sasaxlis pirva-
ozeroviseuli gadawyveta ndel konturs mivageniT (sur. 2, 3, 4). kvleve-
(arqiteqturul, arqeologiur, bis dros kidev ramdenime samSeneblo perio-
laboratoriul kvlevaTa uaxlesi di gamoikveTa.
Sedegebi)* naSromSi mTavari aqcenti gadatanilia
istoriul wyaroebSi miTiTebuli samSeneblo
muzeumis reabilitacia-restavraciaze
periodebis Tanmimdevrobis dazustebasa da
muSaobis procesSi gamovlenili
mSeneblobis ganviTarebis procesze.
siaxleebi, problemebi da arqiteqturuli
Cveni azriT, XIX saukunis miwuruls, sa-
gadawyvetis ozeroviseuli gzebi
reabilitacio proeqtze muSaobis procesSi
rogorc cnobilia, al. WavWavaZem sasaxle gadawyda rekonstruqciis aucilebloba, rac
1830 wels aaSena, magram mas Semdeg Senobam Zvel, istoriul (sensitiur) garemos axali
ramdenjerme ganicada saxecvlileba: WavWava- moculobis morgebas gulisxmobda.
Cven mier Catarebulma kvleviTma samu-
Ziseuli sasaxle moicavda 28 saZinebelsa da
162
turis interierSi, rac kidev erTxel adas- niericaa da maRalic, zomebiT 2.82X1.78 m.
turebs reabilitacia-rekonstruqciis pro karis aseTi zomebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom is
eqtis gaazrebul dagegmvas (sur. 3, 4). mxedrisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, rome-
yuradReba mivaqcieT iatakis gansxvave- lic, am kariT pirdapir sajiniboSi Sedioda.
bul doneebsa da masalas (sur. 5): II-III _ oze- interierSi am karis orive mxares TaRovani
roviseuli periodebis iataki bevrad dablaa, niSebia (sur. 11). aRniSnuli niSebi amovsebu-
vidre I _ WavWavaZiseuli periodis, amasTan, I li iyo aguris wyobiT.
periodis pirveli sarTulis iatakze aguris interierSi arsad Cans sarTulSua gada-
fenilia, II-III periodSi ki xis ficruli iataki xurvis koWebis kvali, Tumca mxedrisaTvis
iyo mowyobili. gaTvaliswinebuli Riobisa da samxreTiT,
pirveli sarTulis CrdiloeT mxares, interierSi mowyobili TaRCebis simaRle iZ-
nalesobis qveS aRmoCnda I periodis Sesasvle- leva erTgvar informacias saTavsis simaR-
li kari xis arqitraviT, aseve I-III periodebis lezec.
gammijnav kedelze ori safasade fanjaraa, gaSiSvlda nagebobis CrdiloeTi kedeli,
romelic dReisaTvis interierSia moqceuli, interierSi, nagebobis Tavsa da boloSi, aR-
rac Tavdapirvelad I periodis samxreT fasa- moCnda Sewyvilebuli TaRebis nawilebi, rac,
dis pirvel sarTulze unda yofiliyo (sur. vfiqrobT, adasturebs, rom wagrZelebuli
3, 6), amdenad, dazustda I periodis aRmosav- formis moculoba aleqsandre WavWavaZiseu-
leTi, CrdiloeTi da samxreTi fasadebis I lia (sur. 12). arqiteqtori ozerovi xels ar
sarTulis konturi.
axlebs Zveli sasaxlis am nawils (sur. 13),
rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidanaa cno
piriqiT, interierSic Cndeba ozeroviseuli
bili, al. WavWavaZis sasaxle orsarTuliani
safasade wyoba masiuri qvisa da aguris mo-
163
iyo, garSemortymuli aivnebiT, amdenad sa-
nacvleobiT. xeluxlebels tovebs dasavleT
Wirod miviCnieT zondaJis gakeTeba I-II sar-
fasads, sadac, zondaJis Sedegad gamoikveTa
Tulebs Soris I-III periodebis mijnaze, ramac
ezoSi gasasvleli kari, romelic kompozi-
naTeli gaxada sayrdeni da amave dros safa-
ciurad zustad fasadis centrSia (sur. 14).
sade kedlis arseboba, rac nagebobas amou-
moculobis dasavleTiT bolo oTaxSi II-III pe-
yveba pirveli sarTulidan mTlian simaRle-
riodis aguris buxari iyo, liTonis Weduri
ze da samxreTi Semosasvlelidan aCens viwro
ornamentiani xufiT. aSkaraa, rom arqiteq-
koridors (sur. 6), saidanac xdeba ganawileba
tori Zvel sasaxles adaptaciis meTodebiT
I periodis yvela saTavsoSi. nalesobis moxs-
inarCunebs.
nisTanave sayrdeni kedlebis meore sarTul-
ze, rogorc samxreTiT, ise, CrdiloeTiT ga-
meore samSeneblo periodi
moCnda amoqolili sam-sami TaRovani Riobi
kvlevis procesSi meore periods miva-
(sur. 8, 9), rac migvaniSnebs, rom saTavsos ga-
sasvlelebi hqonda da eWvgareSe adasturebs, kuTvneT sasaxlis reabilitaciis ozerovi-
rom Cven mier diferencirebuli I periodi seuli gadawyveta. es is nawilia, romelic
aleqsandre WavWavaZiseuli sasaxlea. yvelaze TvalismomWrelad gamoiyureba (sur.
meore sarTulis samxreTi fasadis das- 3; 4; 15; 16, 17). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am
avleTi nawili agurisa da yore-wyobis mona- dros moxda Zveli, kaxuri arqiteqturisa da
cvleobiTaa Sesrulebuli, adgilebSi Semor- axali, evropuli stilis gaerTianeba _ sin-
Cenilia saTofuri fanjrebic, romelTa rit- Tezi, romelic saSualebas iZleva restavra-
mi organulad imeorebs kaxuri arqiteqturis ciis procesSi I, II da III periodebi aRviqvaT
elementebs (sur. 10). rogorc erTi mTlianoba da ara rogorc
samxreTi fasadze arsebuli gviandeli calkeuli nagebobebi, stili Tu kompozicia,
kibe midgmulia karis Riobze, romelic ga- iseve, rogorc XIX saukunis miwuruls.
nana inwkirveli
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
namedroveobasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed war- ba kulturis resursebis sakiTxi.
sulTan kavSirSic. kulturis resursebis sakiTxi, is mimar-
miuxedavad kulturis cnebis mravalgva- Tulebaa romelic kulturisa da xelovne-
ri da RirebulebiTi bunebisa, TviT cnebis bis menejmentis mkvlevarebsa da samecniero
universaluroba da yovlismomcveloba saSu- jgufebSi bolo aTwleulebia did interess
alebas iZleva kultura ganvixiloT mravali iwvevs da axal tendenciebs amkvidrebs. kul-
sxvadsxva mimarTulebiT, kultura rogorc: turis resursebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs,
• sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero; ara marto kulturis sferos mimarTulebebs,
• socialuri instituti; aramed kulturis sferos produqtebsac.
• pirovnebis ganviTarebis donis maxasi- unda aRiniSnos, rom kulturis resursebi
aTebeli; gansakuTrebul SesaZleblobas aniWebs erT-
• sazogadoebis maregulirebeli norme- droulad mwarmoebelsac da momxmarebelsac,
bis sistema; rogorc urTierTsargeblis momtan urTier-
• socialuri gamocdilebis gadacemis Tobas, rogorc ekonomikur da socialur re-
meqanizmi; surss. kulturis resursebi, maTi konteqs-
• TviT determinaciis fenomeni da a. S. tidan gamomdinare asocirebulia sxvadasxva
miuxedavad kulturis cnebis sxvadasxva RirebulebebTan da inovaciurad gamoyenebis
mimarTulebis sistematizaciis mcdelobisa SesaZleblobas ganapirobebs.
kulturis nebismieri gamovlineba miTisa da sazogadoebaSi kulturis gamovlenis
narativis gareSe ar arsebobs, radgan miTi formebi da damokidebulebebi xSirad sxva-
dasxva ganzomilebas warmoadgens. kultura
1
saerTaSoriso konvencia aramaterialuri kultu-
ruli memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb. parizi, 2003 w., materialuricaa da sulieric. Tumca, misi
17 oqtomberi. ratificirebulia saqarTvelos par- suliereba qmnadobis an warmoebis SemTxve-
lamentis 2007 wlis 4 dekemberis N 5535 _ II s dad-
vaSi iZens materialur xasiaTs, rac xSirad
genilebiT.
nino sanadiraZe
179
• Tavad warmoadgens Rirebulebebs, an buli Rirebuleba.
Seicavs RirebulebaTa sistemebsac, • materialuri matarebeli, anu obieq-
romelnic TviTidenTifikaciis saSu- tis fenomeni _ rodesac kulturis
alebebs iZleva. ama Tu im resurss gaaCnia sakuTari,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturis sfe- individualuri istoria, qronologia,
ros produqtebis6 ganmarteba SesaZlebe- faqtobrivi masala, emocia da mxatv-
lia, kulturis resursebidan warmoebuli ruli Rirebuleba.
produqtebi sxva kategoriebis produqtebs kulturis resursebi idealur versiaSi
gulisxmobs da garda produqtis maxasiaTe- unda akmayofilebdes sam mocemulobas:
beli sami obieqtisa (1. ZiriTadi produqti, 1. mxatvruli Rirebuleba
an TviT obieqti; 2. Tanmxlebi (Tanmdevi) 2. faqtobrivi masala (istoria, qrono
momsaxureba da 3. faseuloba _ simboluri, logia da a.S.)
emociuri, an raime sxva faseuloba, romel- 3. miTologia/narativi
sac momxmareblebi ama Tu im produqts ani- bolo wlebSi Catarebulma kvlevebma
Weben), TviTon produqti, Tavisi SinaarsiT, aCvena, rom kulturis resursebis gamo ye
gansxvavebul safexurebsac Seicavs. kul- neba da kulturis SemoqmedebiTi indus
turis resursebidan warmoebuli kulturis tri
ebis gaZliereba dRiTidRe ufro da
produqtebi kulturis im Rirebulebebsac ufro izrdeba, viTardeba. am seqtors aqvs
aerTianebs, romelTa gamoc esa Tu is re- SesaZlebloba iyos wamyvani bazarze, SeuZlia
sursi kulturis produqtebis warmoebis Se- ekonomikis zrda, SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos
saZleblobasac qmnis. maTi sazogadoebamde SemoqmedebiTobas da inovaciebs ekonomikis
mitana, anu bazarze gamotana gansxvavebul sferoSi.
6
n. sanadiraZe, „kulturis sferos proeqtebis me-
nejmenti da dagegmareba“, Tb., 2011, gv. 15-17.
nino sanadiraZe
NINO SANADIRADZE
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University
Summary
181
luri saqmianobisTvis. `media (laTinurad mac Cven gacnobierebulad gvindoda. Cveni es
`media~ `medium~) niSnavs saSualebas, Suama- gzavnili, es Setyobineba `gacnobierebuli~
vals. es XX saukunis terminia. media ar aris komunikaciuri intenciaa, romlis gadacema-
mxolod informaciis gadacemis saSualeba. sac Cven vcdilobT gansazRvruli niSnebis
es aris mTeli garemo, sadac kulturuli kombinaciis daxmarebiT. Tumca, warmoiqmneba
kodebi iqmneba, iZens esTetikur maxasiaTeb- meore gamonaTqvamic _ mediis gamonaTqvami,
lebs da translirdeba. mediakultura aris romlis gacnobierebulad gakontrolebac
kacobriobis mier kulturul-istoriuli Cven ar SegviZlia. es aris erTgvari Setyo-
ganviTarebisas SemuSavebuli sainformacio- bineba Setyobinebis ukan, romelsac ver akon-
sakomunikacio saSualebebis erToblioba, trolebs molaparake subieqti. mediis Teo-
romelsac SeuZlia sazogadoebis cnobierebis riis davalebac swored isaa, rom gaarkvios
Camoyalibeba da pirovnebis socializacia~1. ras ambobs es meore gamonaTqvami (romelic
XX saukunis II naxevridan, mas Semdeg, Cven ar dagvigegmavs) _ mediumis gamonaTqvami.
rac gaCnda eleqtronuli sakomunikacio sa- mediis Teoriis proeqti, romelsac amgvarad
Sualebebi, aucilebeli gaxda masobrivi in- gavigebT, Zalian mogvagonebs fsiqoanali
formaciis saSualebebis struqturis, maTi zis proeqts. ukanasknelic amtkicebs, rom
funqciebis Seswavla da samecniero cod- Cveni metyveleba orad aris gapobili. Cveni
nis Camoyalibeba eleqtronuli sakomunika- yoveli gamonaTqvami aRmoCndeba ormagi. is
cio saSualebebiT sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi gadmozidavs gacnobierebul, Cven mier `Ca-
ganxorcielebuli gardaqmnebis SesaZlebeli debul~ azrs da amave dros gaucnobierebel
Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis da kulturis gan- azrsac, rogorc Cveni erotikuli survilis
viTarebis perspeqtivis ganWvretis mizniT. manifestacias. saerTod, rogor xdeba subme-
dialuri gzavnilis gageba? pasuxi, romelsac
1
n. kirilova, mediakultura, rogorc kvlevis obieq-
am kiTxvaze gvaZlevs makluani, SedarebiT
ti, profesoris rideri, gv. 1-2.
ana nemsaZe
183
melic ganTavsebulia obieqtis ukana mxares.
aRmoCndeba, rom am axal eraSi yvelaze metad fotoaparatis yoveli gaCxakuneba asrulebs
srulyofili obieqtia) Cveni sakuTari sxeuli rogorc obieqtis, ise subieqtis realur ar-
da mTeli misi garemomcveli samyaro gadai- sebobas.fotografia ar atyobinebs (aucile-
qceva raRac tipis makontrolebel ekranad~4. beli ar aris atyobinebdes) ra aRar aris,
aramed mxolod da albaT, mxolod imas, rac
*** iyo. es nÁuansi gadamwyvetia~6.
vizualuri komunikaciis saSualebebi da ga „nebismieri foto arsebobis serTifika-
momsaxvelobiTi formebi mravalgvaria. fer- tia. is axali genia, romelic gamosaxulebebis
weram da qandakebam, rogorc `medialurma ojaxSi Semoitana fotografiam. teqnikuri
saSualebebma~ wina aswleulebSi Seqmna xe- TvalsazrisiT fotografia ori, xarisxo-
lovnebis bevri unikaluri nimuSi, risi sa- brivad gansxvavebuli procesis gadakveTaze
SualebiTac aRibeWda da gavrcelda epoqebis mdebareobs. pirvelia qimiuri procesi, rac
msoflmxedeloba, zneobrivi da esTetikuri zogierT nivTierebaze sinaTlis zegavlenas
idealebi. xelovnebis es nimuSebi dResac ukavSirdeba, xolo meore, optikuri mowyobi-
mogviTxrobs imperiebis da qalaqebis isto- lobis saSualebiT gamosaxulebis gamosax-
riebs, vizualuri niSnebiT gadmoscems adami- vaa, rac fizikuri xasiaTis aris. me megona,
anebis arsebobis sivrces, risi saSualebiTac rom fotografias, Spectator-is gagebiT, arso-
istoriis garkveuli periodis srulad gaaz- brivad safuZvlad edo, Tu SeiZleba ase gamox-
rebaa SesaZlebeli. atva, obieqtis qimiurad aRmoCena (romlisgan
fotografiis gaCenis Semdeg realoba wamosuli sinaTle mTlianad aRwevs Cemamde),
firze aRbeWda fotoaparatma, warmoiqmna
5
J. bodriari, fotografia, sinaTliT wera, profe
garemomcveli samyaros fiqsaciis unikalu
soris rideri, gv. 1.
4
J. bodriari, komunikaciis eqstazi, profesoris ri- 6
r. barti, Camera lucida, meore nawili, profesoris ri-
deri, gv. 1-2. deri, gv. 3.
ana nemsaZe
185
tinct system of communication) at the beginning of 21st
mTlianad gadmobrunebulia, aklia intimu-
century, what challenge should accept contemporary
roba da miT ufro miuRweveli da idumalia,
personality and what type of changes will possibly take
vidre yvelaze faruli azri. foto aris
gamosaxuleba, romelsac aklia mniSvneloba, place within next decades.
magram daxmarebisTvis moixmobs yvela Sesa- On the base of these sources the essence of me-
Zlo azris siRrmes. is gauxsneli, magram dium as the tool of transmitting information and its’
mainc aSkara gamosaxulebaa, romelsac aqvs role in culture, culture’s audiovisual characteristics are
arseboba-ararsebobis Tviseba. discussed in this work. In this work culture’s two para-
me ramdenic ginda imdeni SemiZlia ve- digms _ the first one, which existed in previous millen-
Zebo, araviTri aRmoCena ar xdeba. Tu me va- nium (and still exists) and the second one which was
dideb kadrs, mxolod qaRaldis marcvlamde formed after beginning of new millennium (and is still
davdivar, vSli gamosaxulebas mis Semadge- being raised) are characterized too.
nel materiad, xolo Tu me mas ar vadideb, One of the parts of this work is dedicated to the
Tu me vkmayofildebi yuradRebiani gamokv- phenomenon of photography and shades of photo, as a
leviT, me movipoveb im erTaderT codnas, piece of art.
rac isedac mqonda didi xniT adre, masze
erTi SexedviT, ufro swored, ki is, rom es
namdvilad iyo. ase rom, am SemTxvevaSic `qa-
nCis amoxraxnam~ araferi ar momca~12.
deri, gv. 4.
dodo WumburiZe aris is, rasac menejerebi akeTeben. menejmen-
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
ti aris sxva adamianebis SromiTi saqmianobis
saxelmwifo universiteti koordinaciisa da gaerTianebis procesi, img-
varad, rom igi efeqtiani da Sedegiani iyos~2.
„kulturis mimarTulebebi ganviTardnen
imisaTvis, rom Sinaarsi miecaT strategiis
formirebis procesisTvis da garemocva da-
kulturis sferos produqtebi, ecvaT cvalebadi faqtorisgan ise, rom sxva
rogorc komunikaciis saSualebebi, specifikuri kulturuli Rirebulebebi da-
saSemsruleblo xelovnebisa morCilebodnen garemos zemoqmedebas~ 3.
da masobrivi RonisZiebebis kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organiza-
menejmentis Taviseburebebi* ciebs, romlebic kulturis xarisxiani pro-
duqtis SeTavazebaze arian orientirebuli,
kulturis sferoSi menejmentis mniSvnelo- miznobrivi jgufebis damokidebulebis Secv-
ba raodenobrivTan erTad, Tvisobrivi para- laze didi Zalisxmevis daxarjva uwevs.
metrebiT ganisazRvreba. mTavari aqcenti ara „menejerTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi movaleo-
mxolod kulturis sferos produqtebis gay- baa organizaciis efeqtianobisa da prog-
idvebis raodenobas eqceva, aramed mis sagan- resis Sefaseba mis saqmianobaSi. menejerebi
manaTleblo rolsa da mniSvnelobas. sazoga- valdebulni arian mudmivad Seiswavlon or-
doebis sulieri Rirebuleba mniSvnelovanwi- ganizaciis Sida da gare garemo~4.
lad dafuZnebulia kulturis sferoSi arse- praqtikos menejerTa profesiulma aso-
bul tendenciebze, kerZod, ramdenad xaris- ciaciis (American Management Asosietion _ AMA)5
186
187
nizaciis saqmianobis mTel majiscemas Signi- marT. urTierTobebi mkveTrad gansazRv-
dan gacilebiT ufro srulad grZnob. ganyo- rulia. informaciuli nakadebi vrceldeba
filebis wevrebma yvelaferi ician calkeul
vertikalurad da horizontalurad. miznebi
TanamSromelTa Tu ganyofilebaTaSorisi
yalibdeba adamianebis TanamonawileobiTi
urTierTobis Sesaxeb; srulad acnobiereben
principiT, romlebic uSualod arian CarTu-
gare gavlenebisa Tu saSinao politikis qveda
li amocanis praqtikul gadawyvetaSi~10.
dinebebs, SeuZliaT SearCion sakvanZo figu-
warmatebul menejerebs aqvT damaxasiaTe-
rebi gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad da moeri-
beli motivaciuri stimulebis buneba, komu-
don pasuxismgeblobis maTTvis dakisrebas,
nikaciuri procesebis xasiaTi, gadawyvetile-
visac piradi ambicia da gamorCena organiza-
bebis miRebis xerxebi, miznebisa da priorite-
ciul da sajaro interesebze metad uRirs~8.
tebis, aseTive kontrolis meTodebi.
roca produqti uxarisxoa es upirveles
yovlisa Semqmnelis bralia, imavdroulad, „cnebaSi „kulturis sfero“ igulisxmeba
momxamreblsac aqvs Tavis wili pasuxismgeb- sawarmoTa, dawesebulebaTa da arakomerciul
loba. cudi isaa, rom dabal xarisxs SeCveul organizaciaTa erToblioba, romlebic, ofi-
momxmarebelSi maRali xarisxis produqti cialuri klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, ganekuTv-
SesaZloa ver axdendes saTanado gamoxmaure- neba kulturisa da xelovnebis qmnilebebis,
bas. swored amaSi gamoixateba menejeris win- aramaterialuri momsaxurebis mwarmoebel,
daxeduleba, rom xarisxze gaakeTos aqcenti saxalxo meurneobis sxvadasxva seqtors. kul-
da miznobriv jgufebs misTvis misaRebi for- turis sferos ganviTarebis dagegmva unda
miT SesTavazos produqti. warmoadgendes miznobrivi orientaciisa da
aucilebeli Sedegebis miRwevis, kulturis
7
Х. Мескон, М. Альберт, Ф. Хедоури, Основы менеджмен-
та, М., 2012, ст. 23. 9
m. TumaniSvili, „sanam repeticia daiwyeba“, Tb.,
8
m. glen brumi, m. skot katlipi, a. senteri, sazoga- 1977, gv. 278.
doebasTan urTierTobis Sesavali, Tb., 2010, gv. 82. 10
R. Likert, The human organization, N. Y., 1967.
dodo WumburiZe
11
n. sanadiraZe, kulturis sferos proeqtebis me-
nejmenti da dagegmareba, Tb., 2011, gv. 47.
pavel pavlinovi kavkasiaSi e. lanseres Semoqmedebas cal
v. surikovis sax. moskovis saxelmwifo akademiuri
keuli gamokvlevebic mieZRvna1, werilebic2,
samxatvro instituti monografiis nawilebic3. da mainc, ferweris
akademikosis 1929 wlis svaneTSi mogzau-
roba kvlavac erT-erTia kavkasiis ama Tu im
raionSi mravalricxovan naklebSeswavlil
eqspediciaTagan4.
evgeni lanseres 1929 wlis samamulo Tu ucxoel mkvlevarTa Soris
eqspedicia svaneTSi svaneTisadmi interesi jer kidev XIX sauku-
neSi gaCnda5. amasTan, XX saukunis damdegamde
istoriul-kulturulad da mxatvrulad Sesrulebuli naSromebi, ZiriTadad, aRweri-
interesis aRmZvrelia `vercxlis saukunis~ Ti xasiaTisaa6. maT mniSvnelovan nawils Sead-
ostatTa nawarmoebebi Seqmnili 1920-30-ian gens Canawerebi am mTian regionSi Tu masze
wlebSi, bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg, gavliT mogzaurobis Sesaxeb7. da mainc, di-
romelmac istoriis momdevno msvleloba
1
Г. Масхарашвили, Жизнь и творчество Е.Е.Лансере в Гру-
Secvala da mravali kulturuli kavSir-urT- зии. Автореферат на соискание учёной степени кандидата
ierTobac daarRvia. 1920-ian wlebSi mravali искусствоведения, Тб., 1965; misive, evgeni lansere ka-
rusi mxatvari, metadre adre ucxoeTSi nas- vkasiaSi, Tb., 1973.
2
Е. Лансере, Несколько слов о моей жизни на Кавказе, Твор-
wavli `miriskustvas~ wevrebi dasavleT evro- чество, №1, 1936, ст.11; Г. Масхарашвили, Закавказье в
pasa da amerikaSi miemgzavrebian, Tan TiTqos произведениях Е.Е.Лансере, Искусство, №11, 1960, ст.29-
36; r. Smerlingi, a. volskaia, e. lansere, daRest-
mudam bolSevikebisgan ganTavisuflebul
nuri etiudebi, sabWoTa xelovneba, #3, 1961, gv.,
ruseTSi maleve dabrunebis ganzraxviT. 1923 49-55; М.Медзмариашвили, «Я хочу правды…» Памятни-
189
wels aSS-Si wavida k. somovi, 1924-Si safr- ки средневековой архитектуры Грузии в пейзажах Евгения
Лансере, Литературная Грузия, №6, 1987, ст.219-224 da
angeTSi serebrÁakova, xolo 1926-Si a. benua sxv.
midis. mravalma Tavi `mxatvrul iatakqve- 3
maT Soris yvelaze monumenturia: О.Подобедова,
SeTs~ Seafara (e.i. axali xelisuflebis da- Е.Е.Лансере, М., 1961.
4
am Temis irgvliv erTaderTi publikacia iqna mi-
kveTebs ar iRebda), zogierTma ki arCia ruse- gnebuli: Г.Масхарашвили, Путешествие Е.Е.Лансере по
Tis imperiis provinciebSi, maT Soris kavka- Сванетии, Тезисы доклада на ХХ научной сессии Институ-
siaSi gadabargebuliyo _ ise, rogorc evgeni та истории грузинского искусства, 1956.
5
ruseTis mxridan svaneTisadmi politikuri in-
lanserem. mas Semdeg rac donis naxiCevanSi is teresi XVII s-Si Cndeba. 1639 wels moskoveli el-
mxarSi edga `TeTr moZraobas~, man 1920 wels Cebi am mTian mxareSi baqsanis xeobiT moxvedrilan
ojaxiTurT, saqarTvelos miaSura, 1921 wlis 6
Воскобойников, Описание горных промыслов и полезных
минералов в округах Имеретии, Раче, Мингрелии, Лечхуме и
TebervalSi misi gasabWoebis mere ki tfiliss в Суанах, Горный журнал, 1826; М.Селезнёв, О сванах и су-
darCena gadawyvita. 1922-1934 wlebSi igi анах, Маяк, 1844. Кн.15; Шаховской и Немирович-Данченко,
Сванетия, газета «Кавказ», 1846, №44; Лобанов-Ростовский,
tfilisis samxatvro akademiis profesori, Сванетия, газета «Кавказ», 1852, №14-17; Галиев, Сванетия,
1926-1930 wlebSi ki, Tan, ferweris fakulte- Горный журнал, 1863, №4; Д. Бакрадзе, Сванетия, Записки
Кавказского отделения географического общества, 1864,
tis dekanic gaxldaT. mas izidavda kavkasiis
VI, ст.19-128; C.Phillipps-Wolley, Savage Svânetia, Vol. 1-2. L.,
kultura da buneba, romelTa Seswavlas is 1883; К. Бороздин, Закавказские воспоминания. Мингрелия
1912 wels, l. tolstois `xaji muratis~ da- и Сванетия с 1854 по 1861 год. Спб., 1885; Dèchy de, M. La
Svanetie libre… Budapest, 1886; И.Каневский, Любопытные
suraTebis dakveTasTan dakavSirebiT Seudga. уголки Кавказа. Батумский округ. Сванетия. Очерки жиз-
1920-ian wlebSi lanserem kavkasiis sxvadasxva ни и природы, Тифлис, 1886; Монастырь святых Квирика и
Улиты в Сванетии, Новое обозрение, 1889, №204; Н.Орбели,
kuTxeSi ramdenime eqspedicia Caatara, maT Перевалы Джаварис, Латпарский и Донгуз-Орун, Ежегодник
Soris ki 1929 wlis zafxulSi svaneTs mogza- Русского горного общества, I, 1901; И.Ткешелашвили, Сва-
нетия. Поездка по Сванетии в 1900 и 1903 годах и краткий
uroba iqneb, yvelaze sagulisxmo iyos, Tumc этнографический её очерк, М., 1905.
isic, sxvebiviT, naklebSeswavlili rCeba. 7
А.Стоянов, Путешествие по Сванетии, Записки Кавказ-
pavel pavlinovi
dad sainteresoa mecnierulad Tavad raf. wyo xeli17. 1910 wels aaSenes sacxene gza be-
erisTavis `svaneTis narkvevebi~, r. bernovi- Comde; 1912-13 wlebSi skolebis gacxovele-
lis `Tavisufali svaneTi8, inglisis samefo buli mSenebloba mimdinareobda. gankerZoe-
sageografo sazogadoebis prezidentis, dug- biT dgas RvTismsaxurTa mier Sesrulebuli
las freSfildis mogonebani svaneTis koSke- samrevloebis aRwera18.
bze9, brosses10, g. filimonovis11, grafinÁa svaneTis adreul gamosaxulebaTa Sori-
p. uvarovas12, e. TayaiSvilis13 arqeologiur saa f. dÁubua de monperÁos gravÁurebi19, n.
ÁaroSenkos suraTebi20, i. Sarlemanis da a. ani-
eqspediciaTa masalebi, n. maris SeniSvnebi
simovas naxatebi, d. ermakovis 1910 wlis da
enasa da kulturis `genetikaze~14, b. da i.
1920-iani wlebis sergei Simanskis fotoseriebi.
niJaraZeebis da a. onianis gamokvlevebi svan-
1918 wels, Tavad dadeSqelianebisa da
Ta enis Sesaxeb15. mravali iq gamgzavreba XIX
gardafxaZeebis amowyvetis Semdeg svaneTis
saukunis Sua xanaSi svanebis mier ruseTis istoriaSi axali etapi iwyeba. `memarcxene~
qveSevrdomobis miRebasTan iyo dakavSire- komunistebma svanebis erTi xelis dakvriT
buli. ase, 1859 wels rusma arqeologma da `gakomunisteba~ moindomes..... `samwuxarod,
numizmatma, polkovnikma i. barTolomeim Ta- im drois dadebiTi muSaoba mcireze mcire
visufali svaneTis ori Temi daafica, ramac iyo da gakeTebulsac xalxis TvalSi yvela-
arCeviTi `maxSvebis~ institutis gauqmeba nairi fasi ekargeboda, imdenad Warbobda
moitana16. regionis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi uaryofiTi mxare dadebiT muSaobas~ _ werda
Seyvanam socialuri sakiTxebis wamoWras Seu- 1925 wels `memarjvene~ komunisti, saqarT-
velos ssr aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavm-
ского отделения географического общества, 1876, X, №2,
ст.289-471; В Сванетии. Из путешествия И.Иванюкова и jdomare f. maxaraZe21. 1925 wlis seqtem-
190
М.Ковалевского, Вестник Европы, 1886, VIII, ст.5-59, IX, berSi, 1924 wlis agvistos antikomunisturi
ст.566-612; Долгушин, Через Сванетию к Эльбрусу, Сбор-
ник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавка-
ajanyebis Semdeg, man mioara svaneTi, ewvia
за, Кн. XXVIII, Тифлис, 1900. ст.137-197; П. Поггенполь, axal samazro centrs, mestias, gaxsna kerami-
Через Сванетию в долину Баксана, Ежегодник Русского kuli qarxana beCoSi, saxavda regionis eko-
горного общества, II, 1902, ст.78-102; П. Панютин, Из Суху-
ма в Кутаис через Сванетию, Ежегодник Русского горного nomikisTvis egzom aucilebeli nikorisZi-
общества, XII, 1912, ст.1-22; М.Ильина, Поездка в Сване- ri-cageri-laSxeTi-leCxumis gzis aSenebis
тию, Спб., 1913. gegmas. lenjeris xeobaSi biliki romaelebma
8
R.Bernoville, La Souanétie libre: Episode d`un voyage à la jer kidev Cv.w. pirvel saukuneebSi gaiyvanes.
chaine centrale du Caucase, Paris, 1875.
1910 wels aSenda sacxene gza beComde. 1924-
9
D.Freshfield, Svanetia, PSHS. 1888, VI. ingliseli mestiis
70-sa da uSgulis 50 koSkze wers. 25 wlebSi sagzao samuSaoebs v. feldti awar-
10
Brosset, Rapports sur un voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie
et dans l`Armenie, 1847-48.
17
В.Ольдерогге, Забытые. Очерк вырождения в княжеской
и Вольной Сванетии, Спб., 1897; Школьное дело в Сване-
11
Г.Филимонов, Сванетия в археологическом отношении, тии, I. Путевые впечатления директора народных училищ
Вестник Древнерусского искусств. 1876, №11-12, ст.80-94. Кутаисской губернии Л.Я.Семёнова, II. Из отчёта о по-
П.Уварова, Поездка в Пшавию, Хевсуретию и Сванетию,
12
ездке в Сванетию попечителя Кавказского учебного округа
Материалы по археологии Кавказа, Вып. 10, 1904. Н.Ф.Рудольфа летом 1910 года, Тифлис, 1913.
13
e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum- 18
Гавриил Преосвященный, Обозрение сванетских прихо-
svaneTSi 1910 wels, parizi, 1936 (fotosuraTebi dim. дов, Православное обозрение, 1867, Вып. 1. ст.30-61; Гри-
ermakovisa). горий (Дадиани), еп. Гурийский, Поездка в Сванетию для
14
Н.Марр, Из поездок в Сванию, Христианский Восток, II, обозрения церквей Гурийско-Мингрельского епископа Гри-
1913. гория. Поти, 1893.
15
Сванские тексты на лашском наречии. Страна и нравы,
19
F.Dubois de Montpéreux, Voyage au Caukase chez les Tcher-
рассказы и сказки, стихи и песни, заговоры. Собрал Арсен kesses et les Abkhasses en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Armenie et
Ониан из Сасаша. Пг., 1917. en Crimée, Paris, 1843.
16
i. barTolomeis adreuli mogzauroba warmodge-
20
1884 wels n. ÁaroSenkom kavkasiaSi saqorwilo
nilia statiaSi: Поездка в вольную Сванетию Бартоло- mogzaurobis dros meuRle pÁatigorskSi datova da
мея в 1853 году, Записки Кавказского отделения русского erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi svaneTSi mogzaurobda.
географического общества. 1855, кн. III, ст.147-237. 21
Ф.Махарадзе, Сванетия, Тифлис, 1925, ст.45-46.
pavel pavlinovi
moebda. 1926 wels mestiamde telegrafi gai- wels mTaTa silamazesa da svanTa tradicieb-
yvanes. miuxedavad amisa, samanqano Saragzis sa da wes-Cveulebebs imecnebdnen z. SanSievi,
mSenebloba mxolod 1929 wels daiwyes, ramac masTan erTad ki col-qmari stiqs vasserman
cotaTi Seamsubuqa satransporto viTareba; filadelfiidan da cnobili alpinisti, pro-
1930-iani wlebis Sua xanaSi mestiaSi pirveli fesori g. nikolaZe26.
avtomanqanebi Cavida. kargi gzis uqonlobis amgvarad, e. lanseres svaneTis pirvelaR-
wyalobiT zemo svaneTi inarCunebda Tavisu- momCens ver vuwodebT. magram swored fer-
fali Temuri cxovrebis naSTebs tradiciuli weris akademikosi uTavsebs pirvelad erTi
kulturiTurT, rac mkvlevarT izidavda. meores sadRiuro Canawerebsa da maRali mx-
1920-iani wlebis Sua xanidan didad gaR- atvruli donis uxv saxviT masalas. mxatvris
vivda interesi svaneTis mimarT, rasTan kav- gansakuTrebiT maRalmTiani, XI-XII saukunee-
SirSi 1941 wlisTvis regionis Taobaze gvari- bis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglebiT
ani raodenobis literatura dagrovda22. gajerebuli zemo svaneTis 14 Temis Tavisu-
1926 wlis agvistoSi quTaisidan zugdidamde, fleba izidavda.
zemo svaneTze gadavliT iares mxatvarma t. cotaTi gvian, 1929 wlis SemodgomiT,
anisimovam, moqandake b. korolÁovma da misma `Tovlisa da koSkebis qveyanas~ b. kovalevski
meuRlem23. 1928 welis agvisto-seqtemberSi ewvia da fotosuraTebis seriac Seqmna. misi
latfarisa da donguz-orunis uReltexile- wignis winasityvaobaSi akad. n. marri mar-
bze gadavliT eqspedicia gamarTa mxatvris Tebulad adarebs am dafarul mxares, xe-
mamam, s. anisimovma, romelic svaneTs pirve- lovnebis amdeni nawarmoebi rom Semoinaxa,
lad jer kidev revoluciamde swvevia24. 1929 ierusalimis, sinas, Zveli aTonis monaster-
wels man dawera am mxaris pirveli gzamkv-
191
Ta TavSesafrebs27. Tu gavixsenebT lanseres
levi, reomelic 3 000 calad gamovida25. amave bretaniT revoluciamdel gatacebas, sagu-
wels svaneTis mcxovrebTa sisxlis agluti- lisxmoa, rom marri erTmaneTs svanursa da
nacias profesori b. gindce swavlobda. 1930 bretanis Zvel-keltur kultebs adarebs.
22
П.Двали, Сванетия, Путевые наброски, Тифлис, 1924; З. e. lanseres eqspediciis Sesaswavlad
Рихтер, Кавказ наших дней, М., 1924; Б.Гавришвили, Сва- ZiriTadi wyaroebia: gamouqveynebeli sadRi-
нетия, Тифлис, 1926; С.Третьяков, Сванетия,В переулках
гор, М., 1928; Н. Крыленко, Через Местийский перевал, uro Canawerebi, misi werilebi, Canaxatebis
Огонёк, №417, М., 1929; В.Гречишников, В ледяном коль- 3 albomi, amas garda ki 30-ze meti temperiTa
це. Очерки Верхней Сванетии, М.-Л., 1930; А.Кожевников,
Человеческий заповедник. Вольная Сванетия, М.-Л., 1930 da sanginiT Sesrulebuli etÁudi, yofili
(1928 wlis zafxulSi Seqmnili 26 fotosuraTi; yda ssrk sxvadasxva muzeumebsa da kerZo kole-
_ n. dmitrovskis qsilografiis mixedviT); В.Пере-
бийнос, В теснинах Кавказа. По Балкарии и Сванетии… qciebSi daculi. mxedvelobidan arc Taname-
Ростов-на-Дону, 1930; В.Клеменьев, Через Сванетию на droveTa mogonebebi unda gamogvrCes. ase,
Эльбрус, М., 1930; С. Навериани, Маршрутный путь в Сва-
нетию через Твиберский перевал. Путеводитель, М.-Л.,
a. ostroumova-lebedevas `avtobiografiul
1930; И.Будовниц, Страна башен. Вольная Сванетия, Л., CanawerebSi~, 1946 wliT daTarirebul mo-
1930; Р. Бершадский, Дорога берётся с боя (Экскурсия по
gonebebSi tfilisis 1929 wlis 13-17 ivliss
Сванетии), М., 1931; В.Гольцев, Саванэ. Записки о Верхней
Сванетии, М., 1933; Ф.Соболь, Верхняя Сванетия (Соци- monaxulebis gamo vkiTxulobT: `pirvelsave
ально-экономический очерк), М.-Л., 1933; p. ingoroyva, dRes Cems amxanagsa da megobars, mxatvar
svaneTis istoriuli Zeglebi, Tb., 1941 (tiraJi 800
cali)..-Л., 1930 (26 фотографий, лето 1928 г.; обложка - по e. lanseresTan gavemarTeT. is Sin dagvxvda,
ксилографии Н.П.Дмитревского). magram Zalian eSureboda romeliRac dakve-
23
t. anisimovas mogzaurobis dRiuri da 14 naxati
Tis (egebis amierkavkasiis saxalxo komisarTa
da etÁudi asaxulia wignSi: С.Анисимов, От Казбека к
Эльбрусу, М.-Л., 1928, ст.223-270. 26
З. Шаншиев, По Сванетии. Путевые очерки, Тифлис, 1931.
24
С.Анисимов, Картины Кавказа, М., 1915. 27
Б.Ковалевский, Страна снегов и башен. Очерки сванской
25
С.Анисимов, Сванетия. Путеводитель, М.-Л., 1929 (t. культуры, Л., 1930 (avtoris 43 foto; yda s. pÁaskovs-
anisimovas 16 naxatiTurT). kaiasi).
pavel pavlinovi
sabWos saxlis arqiteqturuli gamarTulo- paraskevi. 26. vwer werils meuRles, vada
bis proeqti daewyo anda opera `loengrin- reb orbels da Runibs [daRestanSi] salaS
isTvis~ eskizebs qmnida. p.p.) dasrulebas, vi- qrod wasvlis TvalsazrisiT. muaSSi [kuror-
dre svaneTSi saeqskursiod gaemarTeboda28. ti qvemo svaneTSi, orbelidan 25 km, sasaSidan
1929 wlis 21 ivliss ostati, masTan erTad 1,5 km.] viqiraveT cxenebi, TiTo 10 maneTad.
ki misi qaliSvili nataSa, misi megobari kira, SabaTi. 27. Svids oci aklda, gavediT;
ardavasti da mxatvari Saliko q. quTaisSi moRrublulobaa, male wvimam wamoJinJla.
gaemgzavrnen, romelsac momdevno ori dRe xSirad gviwevs nakadulebze gadasvla. mi-
swavlobdnen: `23 ivlisi. dilidan bagratis vuyvebiT mdinare lojanaurs [lajanuri].
taZrisken _ mas 3 [saaTamde] vwerT~29. ukve 22 win svanebi midian, erT-erTi yavarjniania,
ivliss is wers meuRles, olga konstantines calfexa. yvela Semxvedri aucileblad gves-
asul lanseres: `ai, quTaisSi varT, cariel, almeba. turistebi ar yofilan. CvenTan er-
sakmaod WuWyian saklaso oTaxSi, `saeqskur- Tad, Tavad orbelidan _ 2 cxeni oTxi Rvini-
sio baza~, rigebi rkinis sawolebisa Tivis ani tikiT; orive gamyoli mTvralia. tyavebSi
leibebiT, sanaxavad, rasakvirvelia, sisaZa- gamowyobili adamianebi Zalian cxovelxatu-
glea, magram svanebTan SedarebiT, es marT- lia. SeiaraRebulebi TiTqmis araa (xanjlebi
lac da sasaxlea.... gvacilebdnen kiras deda, cota, erTxel Tu orjer _ SaSxanebi). gza ki
iosif adolfis Ze [Sarlemani], kolÁa Cubi- Zalian gacxovebulia, bevr saqonels mier-
novi (CubinaSvili), babalova da sxva axal- ekebian. Sesvenebis mere, 12-is axlos, fons
gazrda qalbatonebi.... svaneTsa da balyare- ramdenimegzis gasvlis mere (nawilobriv cx-
Tze (sadac daveSvebiT) yvela ambobs, rom iq endacxen), aRmarTi daiwyo. pirveli, kaskad-
192
da Cviledi deda RvTisasi, vercxlis per- [denberi] mimaval mTavar gzas gadavuxvieT...
angebi. eklesiaSi marto viyaviT. pirveli uReltexili 9.30-ze, Semdeg mom-
svanebis lamazi tipi: brgeni, mxarbeWian- cro aRmarT-daRmarTebiT Txemis gayolebiT
ni, ar aris gadagvarebis tipi. viyaviT cemes- meorisken (11-ze), saidanac davinaxeT uSkuli
Si... Semzaravi xidi. [uSguli].
orSabaTi. 29. isev qvemoTken, ukve SevxvdiT saxedamwvari da tuCebiarebi-
yvelani erTad; sasaSSi etÁudebs SevudeqiT, ani rusebis wyvils; Semdgom SevityveT, rom
puriT waxemsebis Semdeg _ cemesSi, sadac Sa- isini ialbuzze asulan.
likosTan erTad interieur-s vwerdiT, nataSam aq (3 sT-s axlos) Zalian daRlilebi
da ardavastma ki didi gatacebiT (gveRirsa!) movediT. skolaSi. maSinve moirbina xalx-
saxli da koSki azomes. ma. didxans idga da Cven mogvStereboda.
samSabaTi. 30. gavurigdiT cxenebis gamo fiqrobdnen, rom Cven kino viyaviT. koSkebSi
_ 23 maneTad ori cxeni gamyolianad, dRis aravin minaxavs. gadaviRe mxolod telegraf-
12 sT-dan, RamisTeviT da pirdapir uSgulSi* is boZi koSkis fonze _ `axali da Zveli~.
[zemo svaneTSi, latfaris 2830 m-is simaRlis cotaTi suli rom moviTqviT da orcxo-
uReltexilis gadavliT]. biliani CaiT da konservebiT wavixemseT, sax-
oTxSabaTi. 31. dilidan bargs vkravT, etialod wavediT. yvelani srulebiT aRfr-
valagebT. marto albomSi Canaxatebs vasru Tovanebuli varT.....~
lebT... 1.30-ze gavemgzavreT. ramdenime xanSi olga konstantines asulisadmi 1 agvist
cxenis-cxaleTi [cxeniswyali] fons mivad-
os werilSi mxatvari zemo svaneTis pirvel
eqiT. gamyoli mosasinjad dawinaurda. erT
STabeWdilebebze iwereba: `dRes Cven Cveni
adgilze, marTalia pataraze, cxeni jida-
193
mgzavrobis mTavar adgilze, zemo svaneTSi,
sianad daifara.... erT adgilze didsakidari-
sofel uSkulSi mivediT. is kavkasiasa da
ani cxeni kinaRam CqerSi gadavarda.
svaneTSi erTi umaRlesTagania, myinvars 5
xidi.... ColubTan, marTlac, laSkeTi-
versiT daSorebuli. wvims da sakmaod grila.
dan [laSxeTi] 12 versSi aRmoCnda.... amis
mere samiod versi meore napirs ukan mi- magram irgvliv ranairi soflebia! miuxeda-
vuyvebodiT. Semogvxvdnen eqskursantebi, vad didi xnis nanaxi fotosuraTebisa, iosif
2 xnieri, qalbatonsa da erT axalgazrda adolfis Zisa da sxva mxatvrebis Canaxatebi-
vaJTan erTad. sofel decilis nangrevebis sa Cven srulebiT gaognebulni varT efeq-
cotaTi zemoT Rame patara karvis qveS ga- turobiT, moulodnelobiT, fantastikuro-
vaTieT. ukve gavCerebuliyaviT, rodesac biT, Suasau
kuneobriobiT am, TiTqmis rom
qvemoTken daeSva da aseve Rame gaaTia ax- mxolod koS kebisgan Semdgari soflebisa!
algazrdebis, eqskursantebis didma parti- yvela mxares vicqirebiT da ar viciT, xeli
am: maTSi ori germaneli iyo. Rame wynaria, ras movkidoT... dRevandeli Rame tyeSi ga-
Tbili, diliT namic ar mosula... vatareT, brezentsa da nabdebze (Tumca ki,
xuTSabaTi. 1 agvisto. gzas 5 sT-ze, Caisa asea yoveldRec)... laSkeTSi wina gaCerebisas
da saWmlis gareSe davadeqiT (wyali Sorsaa)... Cven pirvelad vimuSaveT interesiT, es qvemo
gasaocaria efeqtebi cageris velis mimar- svaneTi iyo~.
TulebiT. magram me daRestnis mTebi mainc `uSkuli. paraskevi. 2. diliT etÁudebze
ufro miyvars. Segvxvdnen glexebi, romelT- varT. me arsebiTad, marto cixe-darbazis saR-
ac RamiT cxenebi gaqcevian; maT galiaSi amos etÁudma gamitaca. saRamos Weqa-quxilia.
mtredebi axlda. roca tye gailia, isev gagvi-
SabaTi. 3. isev daviwye dilis sÁuJeti.
Wirda abobReba, metadre rodesac kalisken
vxatavdi tipebs, vbanaobdiT. xedi zemodan.
* e. lansere wers: Ушкуль, Ушгул, Каль bindbundis efeqtebi gansacvifrebelia...~
pavel pavlinovi
195
eskizi saTauris TavsarTisa (`koSkebi mTebis
1930-ian wlebSi mxatvari araerTxel mi-
fonze~) da 11 fanqriT monaxazi TavsarTebi-
brunebia svaneTis Temas. jer kidev 1929 wels
sa (gamosaxulebebi svanebisa mTeli taniT,
Jurnalis `Красная Нива~ #50 ydas e. lan-
profilebisa, marxilebisa, bagisa, naxnavebi-
seres `svani monadire mokluli jixviTurT~
sa, ZaRlebisa da a.S.33
amSvenebda. naxati `koSkebi mestiaSi~ `Архи-
gamocema pirvelad 1936 wlisTvis gadai-
тектурная газета~-s 1936 wlis #16-Si daist-
do. am wlis ivnisSi lanserem misTvis winas-
amba. 1930 wels ostatma temperiT erT-erTi
ityvaoba dawera. jerjerobiT gamourkveve-
namuSevris _ `mestiis kuTxe~ _ gameoreba,
li garemoebebis gamo wigns dRis naTeli
romelic axla saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax- ar Rirsebia. beskinis varaudiT, gamocemaze
elmwifo muzeumSi imyofeba, svaneTSi mog- uari 1938 wels iTqva. SesaZloa, amis mizezi
zaurobis mTavar sulis Camdgmelebs, mariam svaneTis arqiteqturaze giorgi leJavasa da
da iosif Sarlemanebs aCuqa (suraTis Zirze mariam jandieris monografiis gamocema iyo34.
warwerilia: `ai mestia svaneTSi, Tqven ki gi- misi yda da tituli n. lobanovis Seqmnilia,
survebT axal adgilze bednierad da mxia- erTaderT ferad Canaxatze ki asaxulia e.
rulad gecxovroT. e. lansere. tfilisi. 25 lanseres ukve naxsenebi, SarlemanebisTvis
ivnisi 1930). 1930 wels naCuqari suraTi `mestiis kuTxe~.
wignebisa da Jurnalebis gaformebis
9 seqtembers, matarebliT novoCerkasks gamcdari e.
31
san jiminianoSi, umbriis momcro qalaqSi furebiani, bneli, mZime, waferdebuli... Sem-
aris. magram Tu svaneTSi koSkebi gvarianad dgom, rodesac am saxlebis SigniTac mogvi-
naklebi zomisa aRmoCnda, samagierod kidev wia Sesvla, sxva, Soreuli xanis STabeWdile-
ufro Zlieri iyo sazogado STabeWdileba ba kidev ufro gagviZlierda. gvaxsendeboda
Tvalwin gaSlili suraTis mTeli erToblio- kalevala, nibelungebi.
bisgan, romc garemomcveli bunebis gran- da ai, garemomcveli mTebisa da velebis
diozulobazec ara vTqvaT ra, _ aq suraTi
mTeli silamazis miuxedavad, me marto am ko-
Sua saukuneebisa cxovlad, ara marto jer-
Skebis, am sacxovreblebis Caxatva mindoda.
ac dasaxlebul koSkebada da cixe-saxlebiT
magram dro da cxovreba ganuxrelad miiwevs
warmosdga, aramed Tavad maTma binadrebmac
win, Zveli ingreva, qreba mowmeebi Tumc ki ga-
es-esaa daiwyes Soreuli warsulis fsiqo-
dayruebuli warsulisa, magram es xom mainc
logiasa da wes-Cveulebebisgan dacileba.
Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxis warsulia. es
es Soreul istoriul xanasTan realuri
uZvirfasesi, ganumeorebeli Zeglia xalxis
Sexebis dauviwyar SegrZnebas qmnida. Tan ra
cxovrebisa. amitomac meCveneba ase faseuli
bunebis wiaRi! xeluxlebeli tyeebi, Sesazari
da drouli amx. jandierisa da leJavas Ses-
kbodeebi; wvrili Zafebi bilikebisa, aTas-
rulebuli Sroma, romelTac egzomi gulisy-
wleulebis sigrZeze erTaderTni rom aka-
uriTa da gagebiT Seiswavles arqiteqturis
vSirebdnen erT sofels meore sofelsa da
TvalsazrisiT svanuri soflebis tipobrivi
gare samyarosTan. yvelaze sulis SemZvre-
Senobebi, maTi koSkebi da saxlebi. me savse-
li, yvelaze diadi STabeWdileba ki, bunebis
biT swori mgonia isic, rom amxanagebma ufro
grandiozuli suraTebisgan miRebul yvela
meti yuradReba mestiis erT SesaniSnav kar-
sxva STabeWdilebas rom abaTilebs _ Tov-
midamos dauTmes, sadac marTalia, aRaraa
35
РГАЛИ. fondi 1982 aRw..2, saqme 11, f. 1-2. simkacre uSgulis im soflebisa, romelnic
pavel pavlinovi
197
werili Targmna dimitri TumaniSvilma
pavel pavlinovi
199
201
da originaluri xelovneba, pirvel rigSi lovanT vuwodebT, da _ meore mxriv, pirquS,
da yvelaze xmamaRla, mas swored xelovanni anonimur, umecar masas Soris, romelsac Cven
aZageben. cxadia imitom, rom swored isi- `publikas~ vuwodebT.
ni warmoadgenen yvelaze dainteresebul ufro zustad rom vTqva, `publikis~ cne-
mxares. uaryofis JiniT verc erTi kriti- bis Cemeuli gageba funqciuria. sityva `pub-
kosi, verc erTi gacofebuli burJua ver lika~ CemTvis ar aRniSnavs adamianebis rome-
Seedreba xelovans ZalaSi. lime gansakuTrebul jgufs. igi miuTiTebs im
is adamianebi, romlebic ar Rebulobd- rols, romelsac isini asruleben, an romel-
nen salonebSi kurbes, manes, impresionistebs sac maT Tavs axvevs mocemuli gamocdileba
da postimpresionistebs, yvelani mxatvrebi da mxolod isini, vinc am gamocdilebis miRma
iyvnen, umetesad akademisti mxatvrebi. mag- arian, SeiZleba ganTavisufldnen `publikis~
ram mxolod da mxolod akademisti mxatvre- wevrobis braldebisgan.
bi rodi icaven Tavis Camoyalibebul maneras rac Seexeba `gasaWirs~ _ me aq ubralod
suraTis Seqmnis axali meTodebis an gemovne- vgulisxmob im diskomforts, Soks an afo-
bis SemaSinebeli cvlilebebisgan. xelovneba- riaqebas, an sibrazes, an gabezrebas, romel-
Si revoluciuri mimdinareobis beladi SeiZ- sac zogi adamiani yovelTvis ganicdis, da
leba aranakleb gadairios axali mimarTule- yvela adamiani drodadro ganicdis, roca
bis Seqmnis gamo, vinaidan, iSviaTad Tu rame SeefeTeba axal ucnob stils. roca axalgazr-
agiJebs ise adamians, rogorc subordinaciis da viyavi, marigebdnen, rom am diskomforts
darRveva an revoluciuri moRvaweobis Rala- araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, upirvele-
ti. da, Cemi azriT, swored Ralatis am ganc- sad imitom, rom igi TiTqos mxolod filis-
dam gaabraza ase matisi 1907 wels, roca man terebs eufleba (rac sicruea), da meorec
ixila is, rasac `pikasos mistifikacia~ uwoda. imitom, rom TiTqosda igi Zalian xanmokle
leo stainbergi
iyos. es ukanaskneli etyoba, marTalia. ara- li Sokis Zala Zalian swrafad iwriteba. axa-
viTari saxis xelovneba ar rCeba Semawuxebe- li maleve xdeba Cveuli, mere normaluri da
li didi xnis manZilze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am mimzidveli da, bolos, avtoritetuli. SeiZ-
bolo asi wlis ganmavlobaSi arc erTi stili leba vifiqroT, yvelaferi kargadaa. Cveni
xangrZlivi droiT ar darCenila ise miuRe- sawyisi mcdari Sefaseba Sesworebulia; Tu
beli, rogorc pirvelad Canda. aman ki SeiZ- Cven, an Cveni mamebi cdebodnen kubizmTan da-
leba gagviCinos eWvi, TiTqos Tavidan amdeni kavSirebiT naxevari saukunis win, axla yvela-
Tanamedrove namuSevris uaryofa mxolod da feri Seicvala.
mxolod istoriuli SemTxveviToba iyo. diax, magram erTi ram ar Secvlila _ ne-
1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi imdroindeli bismieri axali xelovnebis _ vidre axalia _
avan-gardis garkveuli mesityveni cdilobd- mimarTeba Tavis sakuTar drosTan. an sxva-
nen gansxvavebulad emsjelaT abstraqciul nairad rom vTqvaT, bolo asi wlis ganmavlo-
eqspresionizmze. isini varaudobdnen, rom is baSi yovel moments hqonia sakuTari aRsaS-
dauokebeli Zala da spontanuri qmedeba, ro- foTebeli xelovneba, ise rom yvela Taoba,
melic qmnida am nawarmoebebs, ayenebda maT kurbedan moyolebuli, Rebulobda Tavis
xelovnebis Sefasebis zRvars miRma da Tavisi wil diskomfortis Soks Tavisive Tanamedro-
raobiT miuReblad aqcevda. amis dasturad ve xelovnebisgan. am TvalsazrisiT, sruliad
isini, kbilebis kmayofili kraWuniT, miu- mcdaria imis mtkiceba, TiTqos is SeSfoTe-
TiTebdnen, rom cota vinme Tu yidulobda ba, romelsac adamianebSi iwvevs axali sti-
am suraTebs. dResdReobiT Cven viciT, rom li, sagulisxmo ar aris, vinaidan xanmoklea.
yidvisgan es Tavdapirveli TavSekaveba sxva sinamdvileSi igi grZeldeba _ igi CvenTan
araferi iyo, Tu ara normaluri droiTi da- erTad aris mTeli saukunea. da is Zrwola,
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xaneba aTi an naklebi wliT. 1950-iani wlebis romelsac Tanamedrove xelovneba iwvevs,
miwurulisTvis abstraqciuli eqspresioniz- TiTqos raRac mavne Cvevasac emsgavseba, da
mis bazari saocrad aqtiuri gaxda. bolos da imdenad aucilebelia CvenTvis, rom zogi,
bolos, masSi araferi iyo Tavisi raobiT miu- sabWoTa ruseTis msgavsi sazogadoeba, ro-
Rebeli. isini ubralod erTi an ori sezonis melsac ar gaaCnia sakuTari meamboxe, aRmaS-
ganmavlobaSi aRmaSfoTeblad gveCveneboda, foTebeli xelovneba, Cvens TvalSi TiTqos
Cven ki uarmyofeli `publikis~ mdgomareo- naxevrad cocxalia. isini ar ganicdian im
bidan gamovdiodiT da vuaxlovdebodiT maT. mudmiv aRelvebas, an periodul aSlilobas,
aRsaSfoTeblis esoden swrafi gaSinau- an uxerxulobas, romelic Cvens normalur
reba Cveni saxelovnebo cxovrebis erTi yve- mdgomareobas warmoadgens da romelsac me
laze damaxasiaTebeli niSania, da drois is `publikis gasaWirs~ vuwodeb.
intervali, romelic miRebul Soksa da gamo- amitom me vaskvni, rom es gasaWiri mniSv-
xatul madlierebas Soris gadis, progresu- nelovania, radgan igi qronikulic aris da
lad mcirdeba. gemovnebis adaptaciis dRevan- imavdroulad endemuric. adre Tu gvian es
deli tempiT, velurobis niSniT aRbeWdils, yvelas gasaWiri xdeba, gind xelovanis, gind
axalgazrda mxatvars sWirdeba daaxloebiT filisteris da, Sesabamisad, seriozuli gan-
7 weli raTa enfant terrible-dan gadaiqces res- xilvis Rirsia.
peqtabelur maestrod _ ara imdenad imitom,
rom TviTon icvleba, aramed imitom, rom is ***
gamowveva, romliTac is sazogadeobas mimar- roca asparezze gamoCndeba xolme axali, da
Tavs, esoden swrafad misaRebi xdeba. marTlac gaugebari nawarmoebi, Cven yovelT-
ase rom, romelic gnebavT Tavawyvetili, vis vgebulobT, rom vinme gamWriaxma kriti-
dauokeblad axleburi stilis mier gamowveu- kosma mas maSinaTve uwodao `axali realoba~,
leo stainbergi
an vinme koleqcionerma Seicno masSi poten- rom adre Tu gvian, adamiani _ Tuki saamiso
ciuri investirebis didi SesaZlebloba. neba unari aqvs _ gaugebs an `wamoeweva~ mas. mag-
momeciT, erTi ori sityva Sevawio maT, vinc ram axlis mimarT am miuReblobaSi arc Rir-
es ver ganWvrites. sebaa, da arc raime pozitiuri.
xelovnebis axali nawarmoebis winaSe maT magram davuSvaT, rom Tqven aRwerT am wi-
SeiZleba gauCndeT gancda, TiTqos mokveTil- naaRmdegobas, rogorc garkveul siZneles gai-
ni arian imas, ris nawiladac miaCndaT Tavi _ ziaroT sxva kacis mier gaRebuli msxverpli
TiTqos raRac daungries, an waarTves. es gan- an am msxverplis gaRebis tempi. neba momeciT,
cda yvelaze ukeT kvlav swored xelovanma ganvmarto, ras vgulisxmob `msxverplSewir-
gamoxata. roca 1908 wels JorJ brakma ixila vaSi~ xelovnebis originalur nawarmoebTan
`avinioneli qaliSvilebi~, man Tqva: `TiTqos dakavSirebiT. me kvlav vubrundebi matisis
Cveuli sakvebis nacvlad kanafi da parafini `sicocxlis sitkboebebs~, suraTs, romelmac
SemogvTavazes~-o. aq sayuradReboa sityvebi esoden Seuracxyo misi Tanamedrove mxatv-
`Cveuli sakvebi~. uazroa uTxra adamians `ici rebi da kritikosebi. matisma daarRvia zogi
ra, Tu ar mogwons Tanamedrove xelovneba, Cveuli warmodgena. magaliTad, sayovelTaod
ratom ar gaanebeb Tavs? ratom wux mis gamo?~ miRebuli iyo, rom figuratiuli mxatvrobis
aris xalxi, visTvisac gaugebari cvlileba naxvisas, adamians SesaZlebloba eZleoda mze-
xelovnebaSi, iseTi, romelic marTlac damab- ris koncentracia figurebze moexdina, sur-
neveli da Semawuxebelia, ufro hgavs mkveTr vilisamebr TiTo-TiTod daeTvalierebina
cvlilebas, _ an ufro zustad, mkveTr Semci- isini. daxatul figurebs, `Tvalis magnitebs~
rebas Cveuli dRiuri racionisa, rogorc es vazaris TqmiT, sakmao vizualuri `wonadoba~
xdeba forsirebuli marSis dros an cixeSi. gaaCndaT, raTa xangrZlivad miezidaT mzera.
203
da vidre arseboben adamianebi, visTvisac xe- ase rom, xelovnebasTan urTierTobis mTe-
lovneba amgvari gancdis sagania, aRar aris li misi gamocdileba sazRaurad hpirdeboda
saintereso imaze saubari, rom amavdroulad adamians siamovnebis miRebas figurebis Wvre-
arseboben snobebic, romelTa moCvenebiTi tisas, miTumetes Tu es xalisiani, SiSveli,
grZnobebi namdvil gulgrilobas niRbavs. qalTa figurebia; magram am suraTSi, figu-
vici, rom mravlad arian adamianebi, rom- rebis yuradRebiT daTvalierebisas danapire-
lebic sruliad gulwrfelad wuxan im Zvre- bi sazRauri ratomRac aRar aris. aq TiTqos
bis gamo, romlebic TiTqos cvlis xelov- raRac dabrkolebaa, vinaidan figurebs aklia
nebis mniSvnelovnebas da faseulobas. da es mTlianoba da struqturuloba. maTi kontu-
garkveul Rirsebas aniWebs imas, rasac me `pub- rebi gavlebulia ise, rom sruliad ugulve-
likis gasaWiri~ vuwode. Cndeba danakargis, lyofs maT miRma Sesabamisi Zvlebis arsebo-
uecari gaZevebis, raRac winaswar gamiznuli bas an funqcias, zogi figura ki gamoyofili
uaryofis gancda _ zogjer SegrZneba imisa, mZime muqi `daCiTviT~ _ im `ceris sisqe~ xaze-
rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli biT, romlebzec Cioda siniaki.
adamianis kultura, an gamocdileba, uimedod Zvel dros aseTi ramis naxvisas, imwamsve
gaufasurebulia, da rom igi sulieri upova- daiZaxebdnen `am kacma xatva ar iciso~, mag-
robis anabara aRmoCnda. am gancdam SeiZleba ram Cven xelT gvaqvs mxatvris mier am sura-
ufro didi travma miayenos xelovans, vidre TisTvis Sesrulebuli calkeuli figurebis
moyvaruls. danakargisa an Secbunebis es gan- winaswari mosamzadebeli eskizebi _ Cinebuli
cda metismetad xSirad aRiwereba ubralod naxatebis seria _ romlebSic Cans, rom ma-
rogorc esTetikuri Sefasebis mcdaroba an tisi yvela drois mxatvarTa Soris naxatis
rogorc axali gamocdilebis pozitiuri fa- erTi saukeTeso ostati iyo. da mainc, amde-
seulobis wvdomis uunaroba. Cven vambobT, ni mosamzadebeli eskizebis mere, igi dasru-
leo stainbergi
lebul nawarmoebSi imdagvar maneras iyenebs, aris, vinaidan XX saukunis namuSevarTa didi
sadac misi es unari gamiznulad Caklulia an umravlesobis saTave swored matisis magali-
msxverplad aris Sewiruli. mZime konturebi, Tia. kandinskis da miros Tavisuflad mdina-
romlebic Semofarglavs am nimfebs, gamoric- re feradi formebi, da maT Semdeg Seqmnili
xavs moculobis an simkvrivis raime materia- uamravi suraTi, romlebic realobas an gan-
lizacias. isini TiTqos energias aclis figu- cdas nakadis saxiT asaxavs, Tavis warmomav-
rebis arss da maT garSemo sivrceSi asxivebs lobas Tu Tavisuflebas im daSvebebs unda
mas. an iqneb swored Cveni xedva waritaceba umadlodes, romlebic matisis am namuSevarSi
ise, rom iqamde ver amovicnobT figurebs, iyo Cadebuli.
vidre iZulebuli ar gavxdebiT mTlianis magram 1906 wels amis winaswar ganWvreta
ritmul sistemaSi CavrToT isini. es waagavs SeuZlebeli iyo. imis eWvic ki Cndeba, rom amg-
wyalSi Cagdebuli qvis cqeras: Tvali mihyveba vari namuSevari Tavisi Rirebulebis nawils
ganSlad wreebs da saWiro xdeba nebis daZabva SesaZloa retrospeqtivaSi iZens, misi poten-
imisTvis, raTa am impulsis sawyisi wertili ciis TandaTanobiTi gamovlinebisas zogjer
ar dagvekargos _ albaT imitom, rom igi eso- sulac sxvaTa qmedebis wyalobiTac ki. magram
den arafris momcemia. da SesaZloa matisic roca matisi am suraTs xatavda, dega jerac
cdilobda misi calkeuli figurebi wyalSi moRvaweobda, da win kidev aTi wlis sicocxle
Cavardnili qvasaviT gamqraliyo Cvens winaSe, edo. jerac sruliad SesaZlebeli iyo zus-
raTa veiZulebineT sxva sistema gveRiarebina. tad da mkveTrad xatva. gasakviri ar aris, rom
bunebaSi amgvari naxatis analogia ver cota vinmes Tu mounda gverdSi amosdgomoda
iqneba scena an xedi, romelzec gaSlilia ma- matiss amgvari msxverplSewirvisas, romelic
terialuri da mkvrivi formebi. ufro zusti mis talRovan xazSi iyo nagulisxmevi. pirve-
204
iqneba, mas Tu romelime cirkularul siste- li adamiani, vinc es suraTi aRiara, mxatva-
mas SevadarebT, mag., qalaqs, an sisxlis mi- ri ki ar iyo, aramed moyvaruli; leo stai-
moqcevis sistemas, romlebSic yvela saxis ni, gertrudas Zma, romelsac, rogorc yvela
Seferxeba paTologiur mdgomareobas iwvevs danarCens, Tavidan ar moswonebia igi, magram
sistemaSi, msgavsad sisxlis trombisa an gamudmebiT ubrundeboda, da bolos, ram-
transportis sacobisa da Cemi azriT, matisi denime kviris mere gamoacxada, rom es didi
grZnobda, rom tradiciuli gagebiT `swori nawarmoebia da gadawyvita misi yidva. cxadia,
naxati~ _ anu roca xazi da toni garkveuli igi darwmunda, rom aq gaRebul msxverplad
xasiaTis mqone mkvriv formas aRniSnavs sivr- Rirda is axali da dadebiTi gamocdileba,
ceSi konkretuli mdebareobisas _ rom aseTi romelic sxva mxriv ver iqneboda miRweuli.
naxati gamoiwvevda mzeris dabrkolebas, mis ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, pirveli
SeCerebas simkvriveebze, an amiT yuradRebas kritikosi, romelmac xelovnebaSi axali sti-
TviT sagnebze gaamaxvilebda; es ki sulac ar li ganixila, rogorc msxverpli, aris bodle-
iyo xedvis is saxeoba, romelic matiss Tavis ri. engrisadmi miZRvnil Tavis eseSi igi aR-
suraTebisTvis surda. niSnavs: `sulieri SesaZleblobebis gamoSro-
Cvenda bedad ar gvixdeboda arCevanis ga- bas~, romelsac engri axvevs Tavis Tavs, raTa
keTeba 1906 wels, vinaidan raRa Tqma unda, miaRwios erTgvar civ klasikur ideals, _
ar viqnebodiT mzad im vizualuri Cvevebis misi warmodgeniT, rafaelis suliskveTebiT.
dasaTmobad, romlebic SeZenili gveqneboda bodlers ar moswons engri: igi grZnobs, rom
WeSmariti Sedevrebis WvretiT, da albaT gag- misi namuSevridan gaZevebulia yovelgvari
viWirdeboda maTi gadagdeba erTbaSad, erT warmosaxva da moZraoba, magram igi ambobs: `me
wamSi erTi naxatis gulisTvis. dResdReobiT sakmaod Rrmad Cavwvdi engris xasiaTs, raTa
amgvari analizi sruliad Cveulebrivi ram mivxvde, rom misTvis es aris gmiruli msxverp-
leo stainbergi
li, msxverpli Sewiruli im idealebis sakur- rom fantazia da idealuri silamaze jerac
Txevelze, romlebic mas gulwrfelad miaCnia amouwuravi iyo. me vfiqrob, swored es igu-
ufro keTilSobilad da mniSvnelovnad~. da lisxmeba an SeiZleba igulisxmebodes, roca
Semdeg, sagulisxmo naxtomiT, bodleri ukav- vambobT, rom Tanamedrove xelovnebis namu-
Sirebs erTmaneTs engrsa da kurbes, romelic Sevris winaSe mdgomi adamiani `ar aris mas-
agreTve arc maincdamainc xiblavs. igi kur- Tan~. martivad rom vTqvaT, aris ra Zlier
bes uwodebs Zlevamosil muSas, SemaSinebeli, midrekili garkveuli faseulobebisadmi, mas
dauokebeli nebis adamians, romlis miRweve- ar SeuZlia emsaxuros axal kults, romelSic
bi zogierTisTvis ukve ufro momxibvlelia, es faseulobani gamasxaravebulia.
vidre rafaelis tradiciebis mimdevari didi Cemi fiqriT, umeteswilad swored am
ostatebisa, rac, ueWvelad ganpirobebuli mdgomareobaSi varT. Tanamedrove xelovne-
iyo maTi damajerebeli simkvriviT da mouri- ba gamudmebiT gvepatiJeba taSi davukraT im
debeli mouxeSaobiT~. bodleri aRmoaCens faseulobaTa ngrevas, romlebsac Cven jerac
kurbesTan azrovnebis imave Taviseburebebs, veloliavebiT, maSin roca is konkretuli mi-
rasac engrTan, vinaidan manac msxverplad zezi, romlis gamoc xdeba msxverplis gaReba,
gaiRo Tavisi niWi da CaaCuma Tavisi warmosa- iSviaTad Tu aris xolme ganmartebuli. ase
xva. `magram gansxvaveba imaSia, rom b-i engris rom, msxverplSewirva gamoiyureba mxolod
mier rafaelis simSvenieris ideisa da tra- rogorc ngrevis an ganZarcvis aqti, yovelg-
diicisadmi mirTmeuli heroikuli msxverpli, vari motivebis gareSe _ zustad ise, rogorc
b-i kurbes mier gaiReba garegnuli, konkre- kurbes namuSevari bodlerisTvis iyo mxolod
tuli, amwuTieri realobisTvis. warmosaxvis revoluciuri Jesti TviT Jestis xaTriT ga-
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi isini gansxvavebuli mo- keTebuli.
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tivebiT moqmedeben; magram fanatizmis am or
dapirispirebul nairgvarobas erTidaigive ***
msxverplamde mihyavs orive~. neba momeciT movitano ufro axali drois
bodlerisTvis kurbe miuRebeli iyo. niS- magaliTi, Tanac Cemi sakuTari gamocdilebi-
navs ki es, rom misi mgrZnobiaroba ar utol- dan. 1950 wlis dasawyisSi, axalgazrda kac-
deboda mxatvrisas? aramc da aramc, vinaidan ma saxelad jasper jonsma, moawyo Tavisi
bodleris goneba ufro daxvewili, ufro pirveli personaluri gamofena niu-iorkSi.
mgrZnobiare iyo, ufro mowifuli, vidre suraTebi, romlebic man gamofina _ mraval
kurbesi. arc is mgonia, bodleri, rogorc wliani muSaobis Sedegi _ Semacbunebeli iyo.
literatori, nakleb mgrZnobiare yofiliyo guldasmiT Sesrulebuli zeTiT an enkaus-
vizualuri an plastikuri Rirebulebebis tikiT, isini warmoadgendnen variaciebs oTx
mimarT. mis mier kurbes miuRebloba ubra- ZiriTad Temaze:
lod imas niSnavs, rom, hqonda ra sakuTari • ricxvebi, mwyobr rigebad ganlagebu-
idealebi, igi ar iyo mzad msxverplad gaeRo li mTel simaRleze, feradi an TeTri
is, rac kurbem ukuagdo. kurbe, Tavis mxriv, TeTrze.
iseve rogorc yvela kargi xelovani, miiswra- • aso-niSnebi, imave principiT ganlage-
foda mxolod Tavisi sakuTari konkretuli buli.
miznebisken; dawunebulma faseulobebma (mag., • amerikuli droSa _ misi gamosaxuleba
fantazia, `idealuri silamaze~), didi xania ki ara, gafrialebuli da heroikuli,
dakarga misTvis pozitiuri Rirseba da ami- aramed mkvrivi, gaSeSebuli _ motivi
tomac danakargs aRarc warmoadgenda. magram TavisTavad.
isini sworedac rom danakargad aRiqmeboda • da bolos, samizneebi, zogi samferi,
bodlerisTvis, romelsac, SesaZloa, swamda, zogic mTlianad TeTri an mTlinad
leo stainbergi
mwvane, zogjer patara yuTebiT zevi- rebaSi, Cven isini dagvenaxa. sxvebs miaCndaT,
dan, romlebSic mxatvarma anatomiur rom am nawarmoebebis momxiblaoba mdgoma-
nawilTa, udavod adamianis, TabaSiris reobda TviT masalis gamoyenebis daxvewilo-
muliaJebi Cadga (sur. 4). baSi da rom mxatvarma gamiznulad amoirCia
ramdenime nivTi TiTo egzemplarSic iyo swored banaluri sagnebi imisTvis, rom isini
_ mag., tanisamosis mavTulis sakidi, Camoki- `uxilavi~ gamxdariyo, anu sruli koncentra-
debuli nacrisferi fonidan gamoCril Wi- cia momxdariyo mxolod grZnobad zedapir-
kartze; tilo, romelzec pirispir midebu- ze. magram aman ar gaamarTla ori mizeziT.
li iyo ufro mcire zomis daWimuli tilo, erTi, imazedac ki ver moxerxda SeTanxmeba,
romlis mxolod zurgi Canda da `tilo~ ewo iyo Tu ara es nawarmoebebi marTlac kargad
deboda. meore nawarmoebs erqva `ujra~ _ aq daxatuli (erTma niu-iorkelma kritikosma,
xis ujris wina ficari ori saxeluriT Sed romelic maniakaluri originalurobiT ga-
gmuli iyo nacrisfrad SeRebili tilos qve- moirCeoda, ganacxada, rom sagnebi mSvenieri
da nawilSi. iyo, magram mxatvroba sakmaod mdare). meo-
rogori reaqcia hqonda xalxs? isini, vinc rec, Tu jonss marTlac undoda, rom misi
valdebulni iyvnen raime eTqvaT, cdilobd- nawarmoebebis siuJetebi uxilavi gamxdariyo
nen moeTavsebinaT es axali namuSevrebi raime mxolod maTi banalurobis gamo, man, ra Tqma
istoriul sqemaSi. zogma ubralod moicila unda, ver miaRwia warmatebas _ im debiutan-
Tavidan da ambobda: `isev dada, es adrec gvi- tis msgavsad, romelsac imedi aqvs, rom Seu-
mCneveli darCeba, Tu cisfer jinsebSi ga-
naxia; eqspresionizms mohyveba uazroba da an-
mocxaddeba mejlisze. Tu jonss ganzraxuli
ti-xelovneba, iseve, rogorc ocian wlebSi~.
hqonda siuJetis dafarva, ukeTesi iqneboda
erTma mtrulad ganwyobilma niu-iorkelma
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asli, ufro swored, saxis qveda nawili, zeda luli, nagrZnobi, an gaazrebuli, raRac sxva,
nawili ki, Tvalebis CaTvliT, CamokveTili vidre TviT saRebavi. magram aq, jasper jonsis
iyo. es suraTi ucnaurad uZravad da mkacrad suraTze igrZnoba iluziis dasasruli. saRe-
gamoiyureboda xelovnebis nawarmoebisTvis bavi aRar gamoiyeneba trasformaciis saSu-
da momagona bodleris mier engris mimarT ga- alebad. es kaci, Tu mas surs raime samganzo-
moTqmuli pretenzia: `aRar aris warmosaxva, milebiani, mimarTavs TabaSiris anabeWds da
Sesabamisad aRar aris moZraoba~. SeiZlebo- agebs yuTs mis mosaTavseblad. rodesac ti-
da ki raime azris gamotana am nawarmoebidan? loze xatavs, mxolod imis gamosaxva SeuZlia,
vfiqrobdi imaze, Tu rogor Seryvnilia ada- rac brtyelia _ cifrebi, asoebi, samizne,
mianis saxe amgvari uxeSi gasagnebiT, Tanac droSa. yvelaferi sxva TiTqos TvalTmaqco-
raime socialuri protestis mizniTac ki ara, ba iqneboda, bavSvuri TamaSi `modi, viTom...~.
aramed umizezod, alaozed. raRac momentSi ase rom, brtyeli _ brtyelia, xolo mkvri-
msurda, rom suraTs gamoewvia CemSi adamia- vi _ samganzomilebiani, da es am movlenis
nis msxverplSewirvis, naalafariviT wamoWi- faqtebia, ganurCevlad imisa, xelovnebaa es
muli Tavebis gancda. mere vimedovnebi, rom Tu ara-xelovneba. aRar aris metamorfoze-
yovelive amas SeeZlo ufro hipnotikuri da bi, aRarc masalis jadoqroba. CemTvis es ga-
amazrzeni saxe mieRo, rogorc Zalauflebis moiyureboda, rogorc mxatvrobis sikvdili,
primitiul niSans. magram rodesac kvlav vna- uxeSi gaCereba, gzis dasasruli.
xe _ mTeli es romantika gaqra. es saxeebi _ me TviTon ar var mxatvari, magram davin-
oTxi, erTi da igive _ triumfisTvis ar iyo teresdi ori cnobili niu-iorkeli abstraq-
aq Sekrebili; isini danawevrebuli iyo, zus- cionisti mxatvris azriT jasper jonsze,
tad Tvalebis qveS gadakveTili, magram ara erTma Tqva: `Tu es ferweraa, maSin sjobs
raime sisastikis aRsaniSnavad, aramed ub- Tavi davanebo~; meorem ki sinanuliT Tqva:
ralod imitom, rom Cateuliyvnen ujrebSi. `ras izam, me jerac ocnebiT vcxovrob~.
leo stainbergi
igic grZnobda, rom saukunovani ocneba imis vidgens ucnaur inversias, vinaidan samiz-
Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo an SeiZleba yofiliyo nes romelic distanciaze unda arsebobdes,
ferwera, uazrod iqna msxverplad gaRebuli mieniWa yvela SesaZlebeli `aq yofna~, maSin
axalgazrda kacis mier, romelic SesaZloa roca saxeebi Taroze iqna Semodebuli.
metismetad sulswrafi an upativcemulo iyo da kvlav vigrZeni, rom im kategoriebis
imisTvis, rom jerac eocneba. yvelaferi es gaTanabrebam, romlebic sivrcis subieqturi
Zalian hgavda bodleris gancdebs kurbesTan niSansvetebia, Semoitana sruliad ar-adami-
dakavSirebiT, TiTqos man bolo mouRo war- anuri xedvis kuTxe. TiTqos subieqturma
mosaxvas. cnobierebam, romelsac erTaderTs SeuZlia
arada am suraTebze fiqri ar masveneb- misces azri `aq~ da `iq~ cnebebs, Sewyvita ar-
da, kvlav da kvlav vubrundebodi maT. da seboba.
nel-nela raRac gadmovida Cemze _ martooba da mxolod mere gamokrTa azri, rom
ufro Zlieri, vidre odesme menaxa miusafro- jasper jonsis yvela suraTi warmoSobda
bis amsaxvel suraTebSi. nawarmoebSi `mizani SegrZnebas miusafari molodinisa. kedlis-
saxeebiT~ me vigrZeni faseulobaTa ucnauri ken mibrunebuli tilo TiTqos elodeba,
Senacvleba. yovlad ugono arahumanurobiT rom vinmem moatrialos, ujra elodeba rom
an ganurCevlobiT, cocxali da aracocxa- vinmem gamowios, gamkvrivebuli droSa ki
li gaTanabrebuli iqna. CamokveTili saxe, ras elodeba _ aRiarebas Tu aRmarTvas? sa-
gamravlebuli, dabrmavebuli, oTxjer ga- mizneebi ki cxadia, elian gasrolas. jonsma
meorebuli samiznis gugis upirovno mzeris Seasrula erTi suraTi, sarkmelze Camoweu-
zemoT. samiznis guga da brma saxeebi _ Tum- li fardiT, romelic, rogorc yvela farda,
ca dapirispirebulni TiTqos SemTxveviT an elodeba awevas. carieli sakidi elodeba,
208
CveviT, raime gamoxatuli mizandasaxulobis rom vinmes samosi daakidon. es rigebad mo-
gareSe. TiTqos is faseulobani, romlebsac wesrigebuli asoebi elodeba, rom raime si-
saxisTvis unda mieniWebina meti simZafre tyva gamoTqvan, xolo ricxvebi, Carigebuli
an meti gamomsaxveloba, aRarc arsebobdes; rogorc saangariSoze, elis Sejamebas. is Ta-
TiTqos isini, visac SeeZlo daecva an mieni- baSiris niRbebic ki ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos
Webina es faseulobani, arc iyvnen iqve. raRac mizniT droebiT Seawyves Taroze. da
Semdeg moxda meore inversia. me daviwye miuxedavad amisa, roca uyureb am nivTebs,
imaze fiqri, Tu ra iyo sinamdvileSi samiz- uciloblad ici, rom maTi dro gavida, rom
ne da davaskveni, rom samizne SeiZleba arse- aRaraferi moxdeba, rom fardas aravin awevs,
bobdes mxolod rogorc wertili sivrceSi _ rom is ricxvebi ar Seikribeba, da sakidze ar
`iq~, siSoreSi. magram jasper jonsis samizne dakideben samoss.
yovelTvis `aq~ aris; is avsebs mTel arsebul yvela am nawarmoebSi adamianis Tema ub-
zedapirs. man dakarga Tavisi mkacrad gamo- ralod ignorirebuli ki ar aris, rogorc,
xatuli `iq-auroba~. mere davfiqrdi adamia- mag., abstraqcionizmSi, aramed iqmneba SegrZ-
nis saxezec da sawinaaRmdego daskvnamde mi- neba misi aryofnisa, da _ rac amas yovelTvis
vedi. saxes ara aqvs azri, Tu igi ar aris `aq~. gansakuTrebiT mtanjvels xdis _ adamianis
distanciaze SeiZleba davinaxoT adamianis ar arsebobisa adamianis mierve Semqnil ga-
sxeuli, Tavi, profilic ki. magram imav wams, remoSi. da bolos, jasper jonsis suraTebma
rogorc raRac sagans aRviqvamT rogorc sa- CemSi aRZres igive grZnoba, rasac gamoiwvev-
xes, igi ukve aRar aris obieqti, aramed or- da mkvdari qalaqi _ oRond SemaZrwuneblad
mxrivi urTierTgacnobierebis erTi polusi; nacnobi mkvdari qalaqi. darCa mxolod sag-
mas, iseve rogorc Cven sakuTar saxes, gaaC- nebi _ kacis xelqmnili niSnebi, romlebic
nia absoluturi `aq yofna~. raRa Tqma unda, adamianebis aryofnaSi iqca sagnebad. jonsma
jasper jonsis, `saxeebiani samizne~ warmog- winaswar igrZno maTi mitovebuloba.
leo stainbergi
209
naSe, da me unda Sevafaso igi xelmisawvdomi
ramisgan moiTxovs msxverpls yovelgvari mo-
standartebis gareSe. Rirebuleba, romelsac
raluri standartebis darRveviT; msgavsad
me mivakuTvneb am suraTebs, iqneba Cemi sa-
kierkegoris RmerTisa, suraTi Cans ram des-
kuTari gambedaobis gamocda. aq me SeiZleba
gamovarkvio, ramdenad mzad var gavuZlo da- poturi, mkacri, iracionaluri; iTxovs Cvens
pirispirebas axal gamocdilebasTan. rwmenas, Tanac ar iZleva momavali sazRauris
iqneb metismetad analitikurobiT ga- dapirebas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tanamed-
vurbivar mas? iqneb Cumad yurs vugdeb saub- rove originaluri xelovnebis bunebaSia war-
rebs? iqneb vcdilob am xelovnebaSi danaxu- moaCinos Tavis Tavi, rogorc saSiSi riski.
li garkveuli mniSvnelobebis formulirebas da Cven, `publika~, xelovanTa CaTvliT, unda
_ isini imisTvis xom ar Seqmnila, rom gamic- vamayobdeT, rom varT am rTul viTarebaSi,
xadon raRac Cemi Tavis Sesaxeb, Tu es avTen- vinaidan sxva araferi mogveCveneboda realo-
turi gamocdilebaa? basTan ufro axlos myofad. xelovneba xom,
am kiTxvebs bolo ar uCans, da maTze pa- bolos da bolos, cxovrebis sarke unda iyos.
suxi ar iZebneba Cvens dagrovebul gamocdi- me vkiTxulobdi `gamosvlaTa~, me-16
lebaSi. es erTgvari TviTanalizia, romlis- Tavs, sadac aRwerilia mananas gardamosvla
kenac gibiZgebs axali xateba, da risTvisac udabnoSi, da momeCvena, rom es Zalian axloa
me madlobeli var. me vrCebi aRelvebuli am sakiTxTan.
yoymanis mdgomareobaSi am mxatvrobisgan, `xolo ganTiad iqmna dacxromai cuarisai
am mxatvrobis da Cems gamo, da mgonia, rom garemos banakis, da aha, pirsa zeda udabnosa-
es kargia. me naklebad mjera im adamianebis, sa mwulili, viTarc qinZis marcuali spetaki,
vinc Cveulebisamebr, rogorc ki ixilaven xe- viTarca myinvari queyanas zeda. xolo ixiles
lovnebis axal nawarmoebs, zustad ician, ra ra ZeTa israelsa hrqua moyuasman moyuassa:
aris didebuli da ra iarsebebs didxans. raÁ ars ese? rameT da ara uwyodes rai iyo.
leo stainbergi
xolo mose Tqua maTda mimarT, ese puri, ro- LEO STEINBERG
mel mogvca Tquen ufalman Wamad... Sekribed
kacad kacadman misgan, raoden jer iyos....
da yves esreT ZeTa israeliTa da Sekribes, CONTEMPORARY ART AND
romelmanme friadi, da romelmanme mciredi, THE PLIGHT OF ITS PUBLIC
da aRwyes Romori da ara dahmatda friadsa
da mciredsa ara daaklda... aramed dauteves
Summary
vieTme misgani ganTiadmde, da gardaeca mat-
Leo Steinberg is one of the most distinguished and fa-
li da ayrolda…
mous historians of Art in 20th century. The field of his
da saxel-sdves ZeTa israelisaTa saxeli
research activity was mainly Italian Renaissance (in-
misi manana, xolo iyo viTarca Tesli qinZis
cluding representations of the Face of Christ in art);
spetaki da gemoi misi viTarca kipruWi Tafl-
also he paid attention to the research of the modern
sa Sina, da Tqua mose: ... aRavseT Romuri ma-
art, especially to the work of such painters, as Picasso,
nanaiTa dasamarxvelad naTesavisTvis Tqueni-
Johns, De Kooning, Klein, Pollok and others were; de-
sa, raTa ixilon puri, romeli SeWameT Tquen
termination of evaluation criteria and approaches for
udabnosa zeda,... da dadva ahron winaSe sawa-
the modern art developments and works he considered
meblis dasamarxvelad...~
as an important issues.
am adgilamde rom mivedi, Sevwyvite kiTx-
The presented letter of Leo Steinberg which is
va da vifiqre, raoden magonebda Tanamedrove
based on lecture which was read at the Museum of
xelovneba am mananas; ara mxolod imitom, rom
Modern Art, New York in 1960, was firstly published in
RmerTis naboZia, anda imitom rom udabnos
Harper’s Magazine in March, 1962, then was included
sakvebia, an imitom rom veravis gaego ra iyo
210
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