Fig 1.
Photographs of male Xenophallus and the male gonopodium.
(A) Male with a fully developed gonopodium (dextral morph). The hook-like terminus of the gonopodium is visible. (B) Male (bottom) in pursuit of a mature female (top).
Fig 2.
Geographic range of Xenophallus in Costa Rica and sampled populations with major river systems.
Sampled populations of Xenophallus are depicted by black dots, and the species range is shown in gray. Map was produced using program QGIS v3.8.2 [32].
Fig 3.
Picture of the experimental tank from the Single Male (A) and Multiple Male (B) assays. Females are indicated by the arrow. All other individuals are males.
Fig 4.
Laterality index scores from our Single Male assay for the sinistral (upper bar) and dextral (lower bar) populations.
Each test was comprised of one female and one male, both from the same population. Positive LI scores indicate positioning bias on the right of a female and negative LI scores indicate positioning bias on the left side of a female. A more detailed definition of the LI can be found in the methods. Figure shows a bar chart with error bars depicting ±2 SE. Dots represent LI scores for each individual in this assay.
Fig 5.
Laterality Index (LI) scores from the Multiple Male assay for the sinistral (upper bar) and dextral (lower bar) treatments.
Each test was comprised of one female and five same-morph males, all from the same population. Positive LI scores indicate positioning bias on the right of a female and negative LI scores indicat positioning bias on the left side of a female. A more detailed definition of the LI can be found in the Methods. Figure shows a bar chart with error bars depicting ±2 SE. Dots represent LI scores for each individual in this assay.